Ascariasis, Amebiasis and Giardiasis in Mexican children: distribution and geographical, environmental and socioeconomic
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Ascariasis, Amebiasis and Giardiasis in Mexican children: distribution and geographical, environmental and socioeconomic risk factors Gerardo A. Zavala1,2 • Eline van Dulm1 • Colleen M. Doak4 • Olga P. Garcı´a3 Katja Polman1,5 • Maiza Campos-Ponce1
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Received: 9 June 2020 / Accepted: 6 August 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the geographical distribution of Ascariasis, Amebiasis and Giardiasis, and to identify specific geographical, socioeconomic and environmental factors that are associated with the incidence of these infections in Mexican children. We made use of publicly available data that was reported by federal organizations in Mexico for the year 2010. The contribution of geographical, socioeconomic and environmental factors to the incidence of infections was assessed by a multivariable regression model using a backwards selection procedure. A. lumbricoides incidence was associated with mean minimum temperature of the state, the state-wide rate of households without access to piped water and toilet, explaining 77% of the incidence of A. lumbricoides infections. Mean minimum precipitation in the state, the rate of households without access to a toilet, piped water and sewage system best explained (73%) the incidence of E. histolytica infections. G. lamblia infections were only explained by the latitude of the state (11%). In addition to the well-known socioeconomic factors contributing to the incidence of A. lumbricoides and E. & Gerardo A. Zavala [email protected] 1
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2
Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
3
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Auto´noma de Quere´taro, Santiago de Quere´taro, Mexico
4
Department of Public Health, Saint Ambrose University, Davenport, IA, USA
5
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
histolytica we found that temperature and precipitation were associated with higher risk of infection. Keywords Intestinal parasites Ascariasis Amebiasis Giardiasis Mexico Childen
Introduction Intestinal parasitic infections are a public health problem in Mexico (Gutie´rrez-Jime´nez et al. 2017). While infection can occur at any age, school age children (5–9 years) are most at risk for intestinal parasitic infection, due to their behaviour and increased exposure (Zavala et al. 2017), and they are at the highest risk of morbidity among all age groups(Buonsenso et al. 2019). Intestinal parasites can be divided into soil transmitted helminths (STHs) and intestinal protozoa. In Mexico the most common STH is Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides) with a prevalence between 16% and 33% depending on the region of the country(Gutierrez-Jimenez et al. 2013; Medina et al. 2013). Even though in many cases A. lumbricoides infection is asymptomatic, it has been associated with stunting, anemia, reduced physical fitness, respiratory and gastr
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