Aspergillus tubingensis and Talaromyces islandicus Solubilize Rock Phosphate Under Saline and Fungicide Stress and Impro
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Aspergillus tubingensis and Talaromyces islandicus Solubilize Rock Phosphate Under Saline and Fungicide Stress and Improve Zea mays Growth and Phosphorus Nutrition Julián E. López 1 & Jorge L. Gallego 1 & Alejandra Vargas-Ruiz 1 & Amny Liceth Peña-Mosquera 1 & Arley David Zapata-Zapata 2 & Idalia Jacqueline López-Sánchez 1 & Liliana Rocio Botero-Botero 1 Received: 17 April 2020 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 # Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020
Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capability of Aspergillus tubingensis and Talaromyces islandicus to solubilize inorganic phosphorus sources, their activity under abiotic stress, and the enhancement of P availability in soils and plant growth. The P-solubilizing capability and acidification mechanism of the strains were assessed in vitro using tricalcium phosphate and rock phosphate. Independent assays were conducted with rock phosphate under NaCl and fungicides carbendazim, chlorothalonil, and propamocarb hydrochloride using a factorial design. Thereafter, the effects of fungal inoculations in rock phosphate–amended soil and P nutrition of Zea mays were assessed in a greenhouse experiment. Both fungi solubilized P in vitro via acidification through the exudation of acetic, citric, lactic, malic, quinic, and succinic acids. The P-solubilizing efficiency of A. tubingensis was maintained above 97.5% under 0.5 to 3.0% NaCl, up to 28.7% in the treatment with carbendazim, up to 5.3% with chlorothalonil, and above 96.5% with propamocarb hydrochloride; while T. islandicus efficiency decreased to 45.2% in a NaCl concentration-dependent trend, and maintained it above 80% in the fungicide treatments. The inoculation with A. tubingensis increased the available P in the amended soil by up to 65% after 30 days and resulted in 87% higher foliar P content, 111% greater plant height, and 25% greater dry weight of maize shoots. Similarly, T. islandicus contributed to these parameters in 55, 67, 90, and 17%, respectively. These findings suggest their potential as qualified phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms to develop novel and sustainable approaches for P fertilization in agriculture. Keywords Abiotic stress . Biofertilization . Low molecular weight organic acid . Plant growth . Sustainable agriculture . Tricalcium phosphate
1 Introduction Phosphorus (P) availability in soils raises a challenge to the sustainability of agroecosystems. This element is essential for Julián E. López and Jorge L. Gallego contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00315-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Julián E. López [email protected] 1
School of Engineering, Universidad de Medellín, Carrera 87 N° 30– 65, Medellín 050026, Colombia
2
School of Chemistry, Department of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Calle 59 A N° 63-20, Medellín 050034, Colombia
all living organisms and strongly influences crop
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