Assessing the authenticity of subjective information in the blockchain: a survey and open issues
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Assessing the authenticity of subjective information in the blockchain: a survey and open issues Hang Thanh Bui 1 & Omar Khadeer Hussain 1
2
& Morteza Saberi & Farookh Hussain
3
Received: 10 August 2020 / Revised: 12 October 2020 / Accepted: 2 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
Blockchain, with its ever-increasing maturity and popularity, is being used in many different applied computing domains. To document the advancements made, researchers have conducted surveys on blockchain from many different viewpoints. However, one perspective which is missing from such surveys is how to assess the authenticity of subjective information and consider this in the processing of blockchain. The goal of this article is to highlight this gap as an open issue. We do this by surveying articles, both from the academic and grey literature and propose a taxonomy to classify the literature as focusing on either the inherent or add-on characteristics of a blockchain. We then focus on those works that aim to build authenticity in the application of blockchains and determine if they address the gap of considering subjective information in their analysis. Based on our findings from the survey, we propose future research directions in this area which are essential to achieve blockchain’s envisaged view of it being the single source of truth for all types of information. Keywords Blockchains . Subjective information . Authenticity
1 Introduction Blockchain technology has attracted attention worldwide after Satoshi Nakamoto introduced Bitcoin as a cryptocurrency which is transacted on an online payment platform based on a
* Hang Thanh Bui * Omar Khadeer Hussain [email protected]
1
School of Business, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
2
School of Information, Systems and Modelling, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
3
School of Computer Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
World Wide Web
peer-to-peer network [1]. In a blockchain, a transaction is made directly without a trusted third party such as a financial institution, creating a chain of digital signatures corresponding to each electronic coin. The system informs all participants once a transaction is made. After the transaction is verified and validated by most participants, a block is formed which records (a) the transaction (b) a previous timestamp in its hash generated via a timestamp server and (c) a current hash. Therefore, the hash establishes a connection between two blocks, known as a chain, which cannot be modified or deleted. In other words, a blockchain establishes transparency based on consensus flow leading to trust formation, which cannot be altered or deleted, and as a result, traceability is guaranteed. Since its inception, blockchain has been widely used in many different application areas, which range from healthcare [2], advertising [3], biomedicine [4], supply chains [5], finance [6], education [7], governance [8
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