Assessment of heavy metals contamination and the risk of non-cancerous diseases in vegetable using electromagnetic-chemi
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Assessment of heavy metals contamination and the risk of non-cancerous diseases in vegetable using electromagnetic-chemical Marzieh Mokarram 1
&
Hosein Amin 2 & Abdollah Setoodeh 3
Received: 14 February 2020 / Accepted: 10 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study seeks to assess the reaction of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) to soil samples contaminated. Following, cultivation, growth, and harvest, the plant samples were prepared and maximum absorption rates of heavy metals were measured in both leaf and fruit. The estimated daily intake (EDI), the target hazard quotient (THQ), and the bio-concentration factor (BCF) were measured at various intervals during the growth period of the plant. Spectral analysis was also performed to assess the reaction of target crops to heavy metals. The results showed that in the second and third stages of plant growth, the THQ values were more than 1 for infected plants with Cd, Pb, and Zn. According to results from the BCF analysis, the absorption rate in Pb, during the growth stages was relatively high, in crops contaminated by Ni was around 1 in the second and third stages, and in plants contaminated by Cd was extremely high. All crops contaminated by heavy metals showed higher reflection rates in the 400–500 and 600–700 nm range. So, using electromagnetic waves during different stages of growth, the reaction of eggplant cultivated in soil samples contaminated by heavy metals is predictable. Keywords Heavy metal . Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) . Estimated daily intake (EDI) . Target hazard quotient (THQ) . Bio-concentration factor (BCF) . Electromagnetic wave
Abbreviations EDI Estimated daily intake THQ Target hazard quotient BCF Bio-concentration factor PCA Principal Component Analysis
Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya * Marzieh Mokarram [email protected] Hosein Amin [email protected] Abdollah Setoodeh [email protected] 1
Department of Range and Watershed Management, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84471, Iran
2
Department of Plant Production, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
3
Department of Agriculture Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
Introduction Environmental contamination by heavy metals is an everexpanding concern among global communities. Due to their non-degradable nature as well as physiologic side-effects on various kinds of creatures, heavy metals, even in small concentrations, can significantly affect environmental pollution. Plants growing in the nearby region of industrial areas present increased concentration of heavy metals, serving in many cases as biomonitors of pollution loads. Plants attract large quantities of pollutants and translocate them into the plant and generative organs at various rates (Kovács et al. 1993; Reimann and De Caritat 2005). The presence of heavy metals in chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, insecticides (used to incre
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