Assessment of urban environmental quality through the measurement of lead in bryophytes: case study in a medium-sized ci
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Assessment of urban environmental quality through the measurement of lead in bryophytes: case study in a medium-sized city Juan Manuel Trujillo-Gonza´lez . Yair Leandro Zapata-Mun˜oz . Marco Aurelio Torres-Mora . Francisco Jesu´s Garcı´a-Navarro . Raimundo Jime´nez-Ballesta
Received: 22 April 2019 / Accepted: 28 February 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The use of bryophytes as an indicator of environmental quality has been addressed on numerous occasions and in different places of the world under a variety of conditions. However, in Latin America their use is still limited. In the study described here, the presence and distribution of the bioaccumulation of lead in bryophytes has been evaluated in both contaminated and uncontaminated sites in Villavicencio (Colombia) and its surroundings. Villavicencio is a medium-sized city that is similar in size to many other cities in Latin America. A total of 52 samples of bryophytes were collected, of which 43 belong to points distributed in urban areas of the city (residential, commercial, highway), and the remaining nine are from uncontaminated areas (reference) taken in the surroundings of the city. The samples were
treated with acid (nitric and hydrochloric) and subsequently measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. It was found that Pb concentrations in the commercial sector are between 1 and 6 times higher than in the residential and highway sectors. Spatial distribution maps of lead over the sampled territory were created using Arc-GIS 10.1. It is noteworthy that the values obtained are higher than those found in European cities. Keywords Bioindicators Pb pollution Mosses Pollution monitoring Bryophytes Environmental quality Environmental pollution
Introduction J. M. Trujillo-Gonza´lez Y. L. Zapata-Mun˜oz M. A. Torres-Mora Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales de la Orinoquia Colombiana ICAOC, Facultad de Ciencias Ba´sicas e Ingenierı´a, Universidad de los Llanos, Campus Barcelona, Villavicencio, Colombia F. J. Garcı´a-Navarro Escuela Te´cnica Superior de Ingenieros Agro´nomos de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain R. Jime´nez-Ballesta (&) Departamento de Geologı´a y Geoquı´mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Auto´noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain e-mail: [email protected]
The historical use of lead throughout the world has meant that environmental levels have increased by more than a thousand times during the last three centuries because of human activity (Flegal and Smith 1992; Tchounwou et al. 2012; Jime´nez-Ballesta 2017). However, the most marked increase occurred between 1950 and 2000 as a result of the use of gasolinepowered vehicles (Needleman 1999; US ATSDR 2007). Therefore, a large amount of lead remains in the environment as the species concerned tend to adhere to particles in the upper layer of the soil. In recent years, bryophytes have been used as indicators to identify the environmental quality of
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Environ Geo
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