Study of littered wastes in different urban land-uses: An 6 environmental status assessment
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Study of littered wastes in different urban land-uses: An 6 environmental status assessment Mitra Gholami 1,2 & Javad Torkashvand 1,2,3 & Roshanak Rezaei Kalantari 1,2 & Kazem Godini 4 & Ahmad Jonidi Jafari 1,2 & Mahdi Farzadkia 1,2 Received: 26 May 2020 / Revised: 7 July 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Littered waste is a severe environmental problem. Although there have been many studies on wastes littered in the environments like beaches and seas, there is insufficient information on littered wastes in the urban settings. In this research, employing visual survey by the field litter counts method, littered wastes in six urban land uses in Qazvin, Iran were studied. The results showed that administrative and recreational land uses, by an average of 5.22 and 9.59 items per 100 m, respectively, had the lowest pollution, while low-density commercial land use had the maximum pollution by 185.96 items per 100 m. Urban littered waste ratios were not the same in various land uses: cigarette waste and paper and cardboard accounted for higher than 80% of the whole littered wastes in most studied land uses. The cigarette butt was also the most frequently litter in the city. In terms of environmental status, administrative and recreational areas can be defined as places with good conditions, while low-density commercial land use had bad conditions. Consequently, urban land use was acknowledged as a significant factor in the density of littered waste. More attention to cleaning the commercial land use to reduce the density of littered waste, and also finding methods to decrease littering waste by citizens, is a need in urban environment. Keywords Litter . Waste management . Urban environment . Land-use . Environmental status
Introduction Solid waste management is a significant issue in today’s world with many health, environmental, and financial aspects [1–3] that cause several effects on environment, even climate change [4]. Among municipal solid wastes, litters have prominent importance in terms of the environment as well as waste management. Litter is waste that discharged directly or
Mitra Gholami and Javad Torkashvand contributed equally to this work. * Mahdi Farzadkia [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran
2
Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3
Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kurdestan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
indirectly into the environment and can be observed in various areas, including beaches or urban streets [5]. Studies on different classifications of litters indicate that plastic, paper, and tobacco waste, such as cigarette butts, account for the most considerable
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