Association between sitting time and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in South Korean population: a cross-sectional stu
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Association between sitting time and nonalcoholic fatty live disease in South Korean population: a cross-sectional study Jae Hong Joo1,2, Hwi Jun Kim1,2,3, Eun-Cheol Park2,4 and Sung-In Jang2,4*
Abstract Background: To examine the association between sitting time and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among South Koreans aged ≥20 years. Methods: Data from the 2016–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for the analysis. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was diagnosed according to a hepatic steatosis index of > 36. Sitting time was categorized into as Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 using the age-adjusted quartile with Q4 being the longest sitting hour. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between sitting time and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in South Korean population. Results: A total of 13,518 participants were enrolled. The odds for having NAFLD in Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 (sitting hours) were 1.07 (CI: 0.88–1.31), 1.16 (CI: 1.96–1.41), and 1.34 (CI: 1.11–1.61), respectively. The odds ratio increased in magnitude with longer hours of sitting time (test for trend: P-value = 0.0002). Conclusion: Advising physical exercises and discouraging sedentary activities may help to alleviate NAFLD among the South Korean population. Keywords: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Hepatic steatosis index, Sedentary, Sitting time, Physical activity, Obesity, South Korea
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is among the most common liver disorders, with approximately 9– 30% of the population in developed countries having NAFLD [1, 2]. Fatty liver is often associated with heavy alcohol intake, but it may also occur in the absence of alcohol. The impact of globalization has led to a more westernized lifestyle and an increased frequency of obesity, and this contributed to an increased prevalence of NAFLD in the Asian countries [3, 4]. The incidence of * Correspondence: [email protected] 2 Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea 4 Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
NAFLD is projected to increase due to the prevalence of sedentary behavior. If left untreated, NAFLD leads to end-stage liver disease. Thus, NAFLD is a serious public health burden that needs to be addressed and managed immediately [5]. Based on an evolutionary perspective, moving and engaging in every manner of manual labor was essential to survival of our species [6, 7]. However, technological advances have created environments where sedentary lifestyle is encouraged and this is an increasing public health concern [8]. The prevalence of sedentary behavior is increasing in modern societies, and adults are becoming less active throughout the day [9]. Sedentary behavior involves sitting or lying down and not sufficiently spending energy substa
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