Association of DD genotype of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (I/D) polymorphism with hypertension among a North Indi
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Association of DD genotype of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (I/D) polymorphism with hypertension among a North Indian population Garima Rana 1 & Suniti Yadav 1 & Shipra Joshi 1 & K. N. Saraswathy 1
Received: 3 February 2017 / Accepted: 10 July 2017 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017
Abstract Hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Genetic predisposition to the risk of developing hypertension due to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion(I)/deletion(D) polymorphism (through altered serum ACE activity) is well documented among various populations. The present study investigated the possible association between ACE (DD) genotype and hypertension using a nested case-control study design including 451 individuals (of either sex in the age group 30–65 years) from a rural North Indian population practicing agriculture and lactovegetarianism. Blood Pressure was classified using JNC-7 criterion. Age- and sex-matched individuals were selected from normotensive (N-122), pre-hypertensive (N-123), hypertensive not on medication (N-122), and hypertensive on medication (N-84) categories. Amplification of DNA and genotyping of PCR product was done using standard protocols. From the analysis, comparatively higher frequency of individuals with DD genotype in the hypertensive category was observed, indicating a possible relation between DD genotype and hypertension. The odds ratio analysis revealed 2.225 (1.13–4.37)-fold significant increased risk for hypertension among cases, validating the vulnerability of individuals with DD genotype towards hypertension. Thus, the present
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12687-017-0321-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * K. N. Saraswathy [email protected] 1
Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
study highlights the increased risk for developing hypertension due to ACE DD genotype in the studied population. Keywords Hypertension . Pre-hypertension . ACE I/D polymorphism . Cardiovascular disorders . Lacto-vegetarian diet
Introduction Hypertension is one of the preventable risk factors for cardiovascular disorders, characterized by elevated blood pressure (systolic blood pressure, SBP ≥140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure, DBP ≥90 mmHg). It is a complex multifactorial trait that may lead to complications like stroke, heart disease, kidney failure, blindness, and cognitive impairment. Hypertension is an important modifiable risk factor for premature deaths globally and is directly responsible for deaths due to stroke and coronary heart diseases, myocardial infarction, etc. Approximately 9.4 million deaths worldwide have been reported annually due to hypertension (Lim et al. 2013; WHO 2015). Hypertension is one of the predominant risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in developing countries such as India. Recent literary evidence has
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