Associations of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Testing in the US Population: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Su
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Associations of Prostate‑Specific Antigen (PSA) Testing in the US Population: Results from a National Cross‑Sectional Survey Jarrett A. Johnson1,2 · Richard P. Moser3 · Gary L. Ellison2 · Damali N. Martin2 Accepted: 10 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is one of the standard screening methods for prostate cancer (PC); however, a high proportion of men with abnormal PSA findings lack evidence for PC and may undergo unnecessary treatment. Furthermore, little is known about the prevalence of PSA testing for US men, after the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended against routine PSA screening in 2012. Our objectives were to: (1) examine the self-reported patterns of PSA testing following a change in the USPSTF prostate cancer screening recommendations and (2) to determine the associated socio-demographic factors. Data were from the 2010 and 2015 National Health Interview Surveys. Men were ages ≥ 40 years and responded to the question “Ever had a PSA test?”. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine PSA testing prevalence in 2010 and 2015, and their associated socio-demographic factors. The analytic sample contained 15,372 men. A majority (75.2%) identified as non-Hispanic (NHW) and 14.2% were foreign-born. Those surveyed in 2015 were less likely to report ever having had a PSA test when compared to those in 2010. Compared to US-born and older NHW men, PSA testing was statistically significantly lower among foreign-born men and men belonging to all other racial categories. Fewer men reported PSA testing following the USPSTF 2012 recommendations. Associated socio-demographic factors included nativity, age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment and type of health insurance. Further studies are required to elucidate our findings and their health implications for the US native and foreign-born population. Keywords Prostate-specific antigen test · Foreign-born men · Socio-demographic factors
Introduction Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths among men, with over 1.2 million cases and 358,000 deaths estimated in 2018 [1], and is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in over 100 countries, globally [1]. In the US, PC is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer death among men [2]. However, the burden of PC * Jarrett A. Johnson [email protected] 1
Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
2
Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
3
Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
is not evenly distributed as African American (AA) men are more likely than all other racial groups to be diagnosed and die from PC, and ten
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