Atmospheric Thermodynamics
The thermodynamics of the atmosphere is the subject of several chapters in most textbooks on dynamic meteorology, but there is no work in English to give the subject a specific and more extensive treatment. In writing the present textbook, we have tried t
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GEOPHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS MONOGRAPHS AN INTERNATIONAL SERIES OF FUNDAMENTAL TEXTBOOKS
Editor B. M. MCCORMAC, Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, Palo Alto, Calif, U.S.A.
Editorial Board R.
GRANT ATHA Y,
P. J. COLEMAN, JR.,
D.
M. HUNTEN,
J. KLECZEK,
High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, Colo., U.S.A. University oj California, Los Angeles, Calif" U.S.A.
Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, Ariz., U.S.A.
Czechoslovak Academy oj Sciences, Ondfejov, Czechoslovakia
R. LUST, Institut Jur Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching-Munchen, F.R.G.
R. E. Z.
MUNN,
Meteorological Service oj Canada, Toronto, Ont., Canada
SVESTKA,
FraunhoJer Institute, Freiburg im Breisgau, F.R.G.
G. WEILL,
Institut d'Astrophysique, Paris, France
VOLUME 6
ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS by
J. V. IRIBARNE University of Toronto
and
W.L. GODSON Atmospheric Research Directorate, Atmospheric Environment Sel"Vice, Toronto
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY OORDRECHT-HOLLANO/BOSTON-U.S.A.
First printing: December 1973
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 73-88591 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-2644-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-2642-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-2642-0
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17, Dordrecht, HoIland Sold and distributed in the U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc. 306 Dartmouth Street, Boston, Mass. 02116, U.S.A.
All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1973 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher
T ABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
IX
CHAPTER I. REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS AND SYSTEMS OF UNITS
1.1. Systems 1.2. Properties 1.3. Composition and State of a System 1.4. Equilibrium 1.5. Temperature. Temperature Scales 1.6. Systems of Units 1.7. Work of Expansion 1.8. Modifications and Processes. Reversibility 1.9. State Variables and State Functions. Equation of State 1.10. Equation of State for Gases 1.11. Mixture of Ideal Gases 1.12. Atmospheric Air Composition Problems
1 1 2 2 3 6 7 9 10 10
H
i2 14
CHAPTER II. THE FIRST PRINCIPLE OF THERMODYNAMICS
2.1. Internal Energy 2.2. Heat 2.3. The First Principle. Enthalpy 2.4. Expressions of Q. Heat Capacities 2.5. Calculation of Internal Energy and Enthalpy 2.6. Latent Heats of Pure Substances. Kirchhoff's Equation 2.7. Adiabatic Processes in Ideal Gases. Potential Temperature 2.8. Polytropic Processes Problems
15 16 19 20 21 24 26 29 30
CHAPTER III. THE SECOND PRINCIPLE OF THERMODYNAMICS
3.1. The Entropy 3.2. Thermodynamic Scale of Absolute Temperature 3.3. Formulations of the Second Principle 3.4. Lord Kelvin's and Clausius' Statements of the Second Principle
32 33 36 36
VI
ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS
3.5. Joint Mathematical Expressions of the First and Second Principles. Thermodynamic Potentials 3.6. Equilibrium Conditions and the Sense of Natural Processes 3.7. Calculation of Entropy 3.8. Thermodynamic Equations of State. Calculation ofInternal Energy and Enthalpy 3.9. Thermodyna
