Generalized Thermodynamics The Thermodynamics of Irreversible Proces
Despite a long history of almost 180 years stretching back to the times of Carnot and, later, Clausius and Lord Kelvin, amongst others following him, the subject of thermodynamics has not as yet seen its full maturity, in the sense that the theory of irre
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Fundamental Theories of Physics An International Book Series on The Fundamental Theories of Physics: Their Clarification, Development and Application
Editor: ALWYN VAN DER MERWE, University of Denver, U.S.A.
Editorial Advisory Board: JAMES T. CUSHING, University of Notre Dame, U.S.A. GIANCARLO GHIRARDI, University of Trieste, Italy LAWRENCE P. HORWITZ, Tel-Aviv University, Israel BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON, University of Cambridge, U.K. CLIVE KILMISTER, University of London, U.K. PEKKA J. LAHTI, University of Turku, Finland ASHER PERES, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel EDUARD PRUGOVECKI, University of Toronto, Canada TONY SUDBURY, University of York, U.K. HANS-JÜRGEN TREDER, Zentralinstitut für Astrophysik der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Germany
Volume 124
Generalized Thermodynamics The Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes and Generalized Hydrodynamics
by Byung Chan Eu McGill University, Montreal, Canada
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBook ISBN: Print ISBN:
0-306-48049-2 1-4020-0788-4
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This work is · · ·
to the memory of the days of youth of lavender dreams, the dreams of light, ..., in the sun-woven shade of the lilac on the old campus in Seoul.
Contents
Preface
xiii
1 Introduction
1
References
10
2 The 2.1 2.2 2.3
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Thermal Equilibrium and Temperature An Alternative Form of the Law Absolute Temperature
References 3 The 3.1 3.2 3.3
3.4
First Law of Thermodynamics Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Energy Conservation Law Spaces of Macroscopic Variables 3.3.1 Thermodynamic Space 3.3.2 Space of Conjugate Variables to 3.3.3 Quantification of the Variables of Work
References
11 11 12 14 18 19 20 20 23 23 23 24 25
29
viii
Contents
4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 4.1 Carnot’s Theorem 4.1.1 Maximum Work 4.1.2 Efficiency of Reversible Carnot Cycles 4.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 4.3 Thermodynamic Temperature 4.4 Clausius’ Inequality 4.5 Clausius Entropy for Reversible Processes 4.6 Calortropy for Irreversible Processes 4.6.1 Mathematical Representation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 4.6.2 Integral and Differential Forms of the Thermodynamic Laws 4.7 Compensated and Uncompensated Heats 4.7.1 Variation in Calortropy 4.7.2 Compensated Heat and Changes 4.7.3 Uncompensated Heat 4.7.4 Proposition for Uncompensated Heat 4.8 Clausius–Duhem Inequality 4.8.1 Isolated Systems 4.8.2 Non-isolated Systems 4.9 Extended Gibbs Relations 4.9.1 Uncompensated Heat and Constitutive Equations 4.9.2 Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Functions 4.9.3 New Thermodynamic Function
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