Atomic and Electronic Structure of Surfaces Theoretical Foundati

Surfaces and interfaces play an increasingly important role in today's solid state devices. In this book the reader is introduced, in a didactic manner, to the essential theoretical aspects of the atomic and electronic structure of surfaces and interfaces

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Springer Series in Surface Sciences Editors: G. Ertl and R. Gomer

Managing Editor: H. K. V. Lotsch

Volume 1: Physisorption Kinetics By H. J. Kreuzer, Z. W. Gortel Volume 2: The Structure of Surfaces Editors: M. A. Van Hove, S.Y. Tong Volume 3: Dynamical Phenomena at Surfaces, Interfaces and Superlattices Editors: F. Nizzoli, K.-H. Rieder, R. F. Willis Volume 4: Desorption Induced by ElectronicTransitions, DIET II Editors: W. Brenig, D. Menzel Volume 5: Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces VI Editors: R. Vanselow, R. Howe Volume 6: Low-Energy Electron Diffraction Experiment, Theory and Surface Structure Determination By M. A. Van Hove, W. H. Weinberg, C.-M. Chan Volume 7: Electronic Phenomena in Adsorption and Catalysis By V. F. Kiselev, o. V. Krylov Volume 8: Kinetics ofinterface Reactions Editors: M. Grunze, H. J. Kreuzer Volume 9: Adsorption and Catalysis on Transition Metals and Their Oxides By V. F. Kiselev, o. V. Krylov Volume 10: Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces VII Editors: R. Vanselow, R. Howe Volume 11: The Structure of Surfaces II Editors: J. F. van der Veen, M. A. Van Hove Volume 12: Diffusion at Interfaces: Microscopic Concepts Editors: M. Grunze, H. J. Kreuzer, J. J. Weimer Volume 13: Desorption Induced hy Electronic Transitions , DIET III Editors: R. H. Stulen, M. L. Knotek Volume 14: Solvay Conference on Surface Science Editor: F. W. de Wette Volume 15: Surfaces and Interfaces of Solids By H. Liith Volume 16: Theory ofthe Atomic and Electronic Structure of Surfaces By M. Lannoo, P. Friedel Volume 17: AdhesionandFriction Editors: M. GrunzeandH.J. Kreuzer Volume 18: Auger Spectroscopy and Electronic Structure Editors: G. Cubiotti, G. Mondio, K. Wandelt Volume 19: Desorption Induced by ElectronicTransitions, DIET IV Editors: G. Betz, P. Varga Volume 20: Semiconductor Surfaces ByW. Monch Volume 21: Surface Phonons Editors: W. Kress, F. W. de Wette Volume 22: Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces VIII Editors: R. Vanselow, R. Howe

M. Lannoo P. Friedel

Atomic and Electronic Structure of Surfaces Theoretical Foundations

With 132 Figures

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

Dr. Michel Lannoo Laboratoire d'Etudes des Surfaces et Interfaces, I.S.E.N. Institut Superieur d'EJectronique du Nord, 41, Boulevard Vauban, F-59046 Lille Cedex, France

Dr. Paul Friedel Laboratoires D'Electronique Philips, B. P. 15-22, Avenue Descartes, F-94453 Limeil-Brevannes Cedex, France

Guest Editor: Professor Dr., Ores. h. c. Manuel Cardona Max-Planck-Institut fiir Festkorperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-7000Stuttgart 80, Fed. Rep. of Germany

Series Editors Professor Dr. Gerhard Ertl Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-l000 Berlin 33

Professor Robert Gomer, Ph. D. The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 5640 Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA

Managing Editor: Dr. Helmut K. V. Lotsch Springer-Verlag, TIergartenstrasse 17, D-6900 Heidelberg, Fed. Rep. of Germany

ISBN 978-3-642-08094-4

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Lannoo, M. (Mich