Auditory evoked potential audiometry in fish
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Auditory evoked potential audiometry in fish Friedrich Ladich • Richard R. Fay
Received: 8 September 2012 / Accepted: 8 December 2012 / Published online: 18 January 2013 Ó The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract A recent survey lists more than 100 papers utilizing the auditory evoked potential (AEP) recording technique for studying hearing in fishes. More than 95 % of these AEP-studies were published after Kenyon et al. introduced a non-invasive electrophysiological approach in 1998 allowing rapid evaluation of hearing and repeated testing of animals. First, our review compares AEP hearing thresholds to behaviorally gained thresholds. Second, baseline hearing abilities are described and compared in 111 fish species out of 51 families. Following this, studies investigating the functional significance of various accessory hearing structures (Weberian ossicles, swim bladder, otic bladders) by eliminating these morphological structures in various ways are dealt with. Furthermore, studies on the ontogenetic development of hearing are summarized. The AEP-technique was frequently used to study the effects of high sound/ noise levels on hearing in particular by measuring the temporary threshold shifts after exposure to various noise types (white noise, pure tones and anthropogenic
noises). In addition, the hearing thresholds were determined in the presence of noise (white, ambient, ship noise) in several studies, a phenomenon termed masking. Various ecological (e.g., temperature, cave dwelling), genetic (e.g., albinism), methodical (e.g., ototoxic drugs, threshold criteria, speaker choice) and behavioral (e.g., dominance, reproductive status) factors potentially influencing hearing were investigated. Finally, the technique was successfully utilized to study acoustic communication by comparing hearing curves with sound spectra either under quiet conditions or in the presence of noise, by analyzing the temporal resolution ability of the auditory system and the detection of temporal, spectral and amplitude characteristics of conspecific vocalizations. Keywords AEP Hearing Sound pressure level Particle acceleration levels Thresholds Noise Ontogeny Communication
Introduction F. Ladich (&) Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria e-mail: [email protected] R. R. Fay Marine Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA R. R. Fay 179 Woods Hole Rd., Falmouth, MA 02540, USA
In the modern era, interest in the questions of hearing by fishes began in 1903 (Parker 1903) and reached a peak in its first phase with the work of von Frisch (1938) and his students (e.g., von Frisch and Stetter 1932; von Frisch and Dijkgraaf 1935). The interest stemmed primarily from the questions of how the ears of fishes, lacking a basilar membrane, functioned in hearing, sound source localization, and in frequency
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analysis. Interest peaked again in the 1960s and 1970s (e.g., Tavolga and Wodinsky 1963; Enger 196
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