Autism A Social and Medical History
This book contextualizes autism as a socio cultural phenomenon, and examines the often troubling effects of representations and social trends. Exploring the individuals and events in the history of this condition, Waltz blends research and personal perspe
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Autism A Social and Medical History Mitzi Waltz Sheffield Hallam University, UK
Mitzi Waltz © 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-0-230-52750-8
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-35819-9 ISBN 978-1-137-32853-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137328533 ISBN 978-0-230-52751-5 paperback
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 22
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Contents
Preface: Autism, and How We Got Here
vi
Acknowledgements
ix
1 A Nameless Difference
1
2 Autism before and after the Enlightenment
11
3 Workhouses, Asylums, and the Rise of Behavioural Sciences
25
4 The Social Construction of Autism
47
5 From ‘Pathological Motherhood’ to Refrigerator Mothers
73
6 Bedlam, Behaviourism, and Beyond
87
7 Parent Blaming, Parent Power, and the Start of Real Research
105
8 Self-Advocacy vs. the Rise of the Medical Model
133
Notes
166
References
167
Index
185
v
Preface: Autism, and How We Got Here In May 2009, as I began work in earnest on this book, my inbox filled up with a flurry of emails from adults with autism and from researchers who work closely with them. All were concerned with being heard in the ongoing process to revamp the autism diagnostic guidelines for the upcoming fifth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Better known as the DSM, this is the Bible for diagnosis
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