Automatic detection and severity classification of diabetic retinopathy
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Automatic detection and severity classification of diabetic retinopathy Gule Saman 1 & Neelam Gohar 1 & Salma Noor 1 & Ambreen Shahnaz 1 & Shakira Idress 1 & Neelam Jehan 1 & Reena Rashid 1 & Sheema Shuja Khattak 1 Received: 21 November 2018 / Revised: 3 January 2020 / Accepted: 27 May 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of preventable blindness caused by damaged blood vessels in the eye, if not treated early on. The aim of this research work was to develop a method for the automatic detection of Diabetic Retinopathy and proposing a model for deciding the progression/severity using fundus images. The method was developed so that DR can be detected in an effective and efficient manner before causing damage to the eye, without the presence of an ophthalmologist. The manual screening requires the presence of an ophthalmologist and the resource of time. Detecting exudates is important for the diagnosis of DR. The approach adopted was two-fold: i. extracting features of interest from the images i.e. the blood vessels, optic disc (OD), exudates and microaneurysms by using morphological operations and ii. classifying its progression/ severity as either mild or moderate by using the support vector machine (SVM) classifier for helping Ophthalmologists. The performance of the proposed method has been assessed by an ophthalmologist and approved. This paper contributes towards the field of automatic detection of anomalous structures and their severity. Keywords Diabetic retinopathy . Morphological operations . Exudates . Microaneurysms . Support vector machine . Classification . Decision making
1 Introduction Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is caused when the insulin production in the body is not sufficient and the increased glucose level causes the blood vessels in the eye to swell leading to leakage in the retina. There are two types of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) i. Non–Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR) and ii. Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR). In NPDR the blood
* Gule Saman [email protected]; [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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vessels get damaged and leak fluid and small amount of blood while, in PDR the abnormal blood vessels start growing on the retina and stop the flow of blood to the retina. DR is diagnosed in patients that have been suffering from diabetes for ten to fifteen years and have no symptoms until the loss of vision [4], deciding whether the patient suffers from DR is difficult for the Ophthalmologist which makes identifying the progression of the disease difficult too. It is one of the major causes of blindness in adults suffering from diabetes, research suggests that early detection, regular examination and cure can decrease DR by 95% [29]. Automated detection of DR using fundus image of the retina has made the detection of retinal diseases much easier and less time consuming for ophthalmologists. The main ca
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