Awake surgery for right frontal lobe glioma can preserve visuospatial cognition and spatial working memory
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CLINICAL STUDY
Awake surgery for right frontal lobe glioma can preserve visuospatial cognition and spatial working memory Mitsutoshi Nakada1 · Riho Nakajima2 · Hirokazu Okita3 · Yusuke Nakade4 · Takeo Yuno4 · Shingo Tanaka1 · Masashi Kinoshita1 Received: 24 September 2020 / Accepted: 27 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose Awake surgery is the standard treatment to preserve motor and language functions. This longitudinal study aimed to evaluate the resection rate and preservation of neurocognitive functions in patients with right frontal lobe glioma who underwent awake surgery. Methods Thirty-three patients (mean age, 48.0 years) with right frontal lobe glioma who underwent awake surgery at our hospital between 2013 and 2019 were included. Fourteen, thirteen, and six cases had WHO classification grades of II, III, and IV, respectively. We evaluated visuospatial cognition (VSC) and spatial working memory (SWM) before and three months after surgery. Relevant brain areas for VSC and SWM were intraoperatively mapped, whenever the task was successfully accomplished. Therefore, patients were divided into an intraoperative evaluation group and a non-evaluation group for each function, and the resection rate and functional outcomes were compared. Results The removal rate in the evaluation group for VSC and SWM were similar to that in the non-evaluation group. Chronic impairment rate of VSC was significantly lower in the evaluation than in the non-evaluation group (5.6% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.034). No patient showed postoperative SWM impairment in the evaluation group as opposed to the non-evaluation group (16.7%, p = 0.049). The probability of resection of the deeper posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus, the relevant area of VSC, was higher in the non-evaluation group than in the evaluation group. Conclusions We statistically verified that awake surgery for right frontal lobe glioma results in successful preservation of VSC and SWM with satisfying resection rates. Keywords Awake surgery · Glioma · Frontal lobe · Working memory · Visuospatial cognition
Introduction Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-020-03656-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Mitsutoshi Nakada [email protected]‑u.ac.jp 1
Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13‑1 Takara‑machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920‑8641, Japan
2
Department of Occupational therapy, Faculty of health science, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
3
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
4
Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
Awake craniotomy with intra-operative cortico-subcortical direct electrical stimulation (DES) is nowadays a wellestablish
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