Azadirachta indica A. Juss. MELIACEAE
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.: Melia azadirachta L., Melia indica (A. Juss.) Brandis
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Synonyms Azadirachta indica A. Juss.: Melia azadirachta L., Melia indica (A. Juss.) Brandis
Local Names Azadirachta indica: Swahili: Mwarumbaini, English: Neem (Kokwaro 2009).
Botany and Ecology Azadirachta indica A. Juss.: Evergreen trees with simple trichomes, up to 15 m high, short and robust trunk, brown, wrinkled and fissured bark, polygamous plants. Leaves up to 40 cm long, with 4–9 pairs of opposite leaflets, leaflets ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, strongly falcate, up to 9 cm long and 3 cm wide, apex long accumuR. W. Bussmann (*) Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Saving Knowledge, La Paz, Bolivia e-mail: [email protected] N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Herbario Nacionál de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia G. N. Njoroge Department of Botany, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agricultura and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 R. W. Bussmann (ed.), Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Africa, Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77086-4_20-1
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lated, base highly asymmetrical, margin thickly serrated, glabrous. Inflorescence an axillary panicle, up to 35 cm long, calyx 5-lobed to below midway, petals 5, free, imbricated, white, cylindrical staminal tube, slightly expanded at the apex, terminated by 10 appendages, these rounded or truncated, emarginated or bi-lobed, and sometimes joined and forming a flight, annular disc, fused to the base of the ovary, 3-locular ovary, each locule with 2 collateral ovules, sparsely expanded style, ending in 3 acute and partially fused stigmatic wolves, cream color. Ellipsoid drupe, 1.5–1.8 cm long, yellow, seeds 1–2 with cartilaginous endocarp (Styles and White 1991). Commonly planted in agroforestry (Onyango et al. 2004).
Local Medicinal Uses Azarirachta indica: Oil used for skin diseases, leprosy, and eczema. The leaf decoction is drunk for malaria. Branches used as toothbrush. Bark and leaves are applied externally for wounds, rheumatism, and to stimulate liver function (Giday et al. 2007; Kokwaro 2009). The leaves are also used to reduce fever (Kunwar et al. 2010). Part of incense mixtures is used for tuberculosis, smallpox, measles, skin problems, rheumatism, cardiac problems, and as antifungal (Mohagheghzadeh and Faridi 2006). Used as antimalarial (Muthee et al. 2011; Muthaura et al. 2007; Njoroge and Bussmann 2006a; Tabuti 2008), and for ear, nose, and throat diseases (Njoroge and Bussmann 2006b), as well as stomach problems (Muthee et al. 2011). The species is also used as anthelminthic (Tadesse et al. 2009). In India used to treat antipyretic, antiseptic, blood purifier, boils, cholera, diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, heart complaints, inflammation of gums, jaundice, leprosy, liver, complaints, malaria, measles,
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