Antagonistic potential of Trichoderma harzianum and Azadirachta indica against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp . capsici for th
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Antagonistic potential of Trichoderma harzianum and Azadirachta indica against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici for the management of chilli wilt Arshi Jamil1 · Nasreen Musheer1 · Shabbir Ashraf1 Received: 10 March 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 © Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft 2020
Abstract Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici (Foc) induces wilt disease in chilli and affects its yield. Implementing microorganisms and plant extracts for plant disease management has recently gained momentum as chemical measures pose a serious threat to the environment. Field experiments were conducted over two consecutive years to evaluate the effectiveness of Trichoderma harzianum (either as seed treatment or as soil application) and neem (Azadirachta indica; as seed treatment with leaf extract) alone or in combination, in managing chilli wilt. Untreated plots served as control. Chilli plants were grown in field plots of 2 × 2 m2 size, and experiments were organised in complete randomised block design with three replications. In the absence of Foc, T. harzianum (sa) + A. indica (st) increased growth and yield of chilli. In Foc-inoculated plots, both, T. harzianum and A. indica, showed a reduction in disease severity. Disease severity and chlorophyll content were negatively correlated (P ≤ 0.05). During both years, T. harzianum (sa) + A. indica (st) caused the strongest reduction in wilt severity and the highest increase in chlorophyll content, number of fruit/plant, fresh yield/plant, fresh and dry weight as well as plant length. Soil population of T. harzianum increased significantly during crop growth and was higher in plots inoculated with the pathogen. Highest concentrations (4.52 × 104 and 4.87 × 104 cfu/g soil) were found in plot soil where T. harzianum was applied in the soil, whilst maximum increase of Foc (3.02 × 104 and 3.05 × 104 cfu/g soil) was observed in plots that lacked any treatment. Keywords Chilli · Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici · Trichoderma harzianum · Azadirachta indica · Chlorophyll content
Introduction Chilli (Capsicum annum L.), a crop of the family Solanaceae, is one of the most important vegetable and is primarily grown for its pungency, colour and spicy taste. Chillies are also a valuable source of vitamins A and C (Rahman et al. 2011) and are used in beverages, cosmetics and medicines. Chilli is a native plant of South America and was introduced in the late fifteenth century to India by Portuguese traders (Krishna 2003). It has become an important commercial crop in India, and the country is therefore regarded as the secondary hub of its diversity (IBPGR 1983). Presently, India leads the world in production, consumption and export of chilli, contributing nearly 25% of the * Arshi Jamil [email protected] 1
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P, India
total chilli exports. It produces 1.49 million tonnes of chillies from 0.77 million hectare land and 1.92 MT/ha of productivity (Anonymous 20
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