Background Calibration of Time-Interleaved Data Converters
This book describes techniques for time-interleaving a number of analog-to-digital data converters to achieve demanding bandwidth requirements. Readers will benefit from the presentation of a low-power solution that can be used in actual products, w
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Manar El-Chammas • Boris Murmann
Background Calibration of Time-Interleaved Data Converters
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Manar El-Chammas Texas Instruments, Inc. 12500 TI Blvd. Dallas, TX 75243 USA [email protected]
Boris Murmann Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University 420 Via Palou, Allen-208 Stanford, CA 94305-4070 USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4614-1510-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4614-1511-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1511-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011943338 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To our families
Preface
High-speed analog-to-digital converters have become essential components of all communication systems. While we typically think of information as sequences of discrete digital symbols, the behavior of the transmission channels in all modern systems does not conform to this abstraction. Especially when a data link is pushed toward its limits, the received signals are a complex mix of wanted and unwanted analog waveforms that must be disentangled by ever more complex equalization (and channel selection) schemes. In wireless and long-distance wireline communications, these receive-side signal processing tasks have long been dealt with in the digital domain. Only recently, however, digital-domain equalization has also gained momentum in short-distance wired links providing up to several tens of gigabit/second connectivity between computer servers and their constituent components. When going digital, the designer of these links can reap the benefits of improved programmability and increased filter lengths. On the other hand, the burden is now placed on the analog-to-digital converter, which must now be inserted to finely digitize the incoming analog waveforms in order to make them fit for digital interpretation. This monograph captures the state-of-the-art knowledge on how such highperformance converters can be realized in modern CMOS technology. Specifically, it describes how the core concepts of time-interleaving and mismatch calibration can be leveraged to achieve energy efficient conversion at sample rates of 10 GSample/second and beyond. In the discussed implementatio
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