Behind Locked Doors A History of the Papal Elections
Since 1600, whenever a Pope dies, the Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church convene in Rome to elect a successor. The Papal Conclave is an event like no other. Highly secret and conducted behind the locked doors of the Sistine Chapel, it happens about ei
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Pietro Perugino (1448-1523). Delivering the keys afthe kingdom to St. Peter, ca. 1481-1483. Sistine Chapel, Vatican Palace, Vatican State. Copyright © Scala/Art Resource, New York.
BEHIND LOCKED DOORS A History of the Papal Elections FREDERIC
J.
BAUMGARTNER
*
BEHIND LOCKED DOORS
Copyright © Frederic]. Baumgartner, 2003.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 978-0-312-29463-2 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in hardcover in 2003 by Palgrave Macmillan First PALGRAVE MACMILLANTM paperback edition: April 2005 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS. Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-4039-6962-0 ISBN 978-1-137-11014-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-11014-5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Baumgartner, Frederic J. Behind locked doors: a hisrory of the Papal elections / Frederic J. Bautugartner.
p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. 1. Popes-Election-History.
I. Title.
BX1S05.B324 2003 262'.19-dc21 2003043306 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Letra Libre, Inc. First PALGRAVE MACMILLAN paperback edition: April 2005 10
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Contents
Acknowledgements Preface Glossary
Vll IX XIll
Chapter I
From Apostle
Chapter II
Election by the College of Cardinals,
to
Pope
1059-1274
19
Chapter III
The Creation of the Conclave
39
Chapter IV
Conclaves during The Great Schism
59
Chapter V
Conclaves in the Renaissance
77
Chapter VI
Conclaves in the Reformation Era
101
Chapter VII
Conclaves in the Baroque Era
127
Chapter VIII
Conclaves in the Age of Absolutism
151
Chapter IX
Conclaves in the Nineteenth Century
179
Chapter X
Conclaves in the Twentieth Century
201
Chapter XI
And On to the Twenty-first Century
229
Appendix: Sfumata!
241
Notes Bibliography Index
247 257 263
Acl~nowledgelllents
I
must acknowledge my debt to the Interlibrary Loan staff at Newman Library at Virginia Polytechnic University and State University; without their extensive help this book could not have been written. My colleague
David Burr provided an expert critique of the work and checked my translations from Italian. Andy Nichols, my research assistant, was most helpful as a fact checker and critic of my style, although any errors that remain in the text are strictly my responsibility. And I must express my appreciation to Michael Flamini and his fine staff at Pal grave Macmillan/St. Martin's Press for their efforts in se
