Benefits of Water-Fuel Emulsion on Automotive Diesel Exhaust Emissions
Water fuel emulsion is widely used to control pollutant emissions in large and medium diesel engines. The application of this fuel to small automotive engines has been limited by the emulsion stability and economic difficulties to calibrate engine paramet
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Abstract. Water fuel emulsion is widely used to control pollutant emissions in large and medium diesel engines. The application of this fuel to small automotive engines has been limited by the emulsion stability and economic difficulties to calibrate engine parameters for a new fuel. This work is focused on the effects of the use of water fuel emulsion on standard automotive engines performances and on pollutant emissions. No specific calibration or modification of engine has been carried. The effective benefits of water fuel emulsion combustion are explained. Particularly, emitted particulates are reduced by half, EPA referenced PAH concentration in the particulate are reduced by a factor of three, and NOx by 40 %, compared to the same engine operating on standard commercial fuel. Both standard and common rail direct injection systems were tested and a special study was dedicated to cold start pollutants showing the large production of carcinogenic compounds.
J. H. Whitelaw et al. (eds.), Thermo- and Fluid Dynamic Processes in Diesel Engines 2 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004
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Lombaert, Le Moyne, Guibert, Tardieu de Maleissye, Amouroux
Notation VOC: Volatile Organic compounds NOx: Nitrous Oxide SOx: Sulfor Oxide PAH: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons CO: Monoxide Carbon HC: Unburned Hydrocarbons SOF: Soluble Organic Fraction BMEP: Break Mean Effective Pressure CO 2 : Carbon Dioxide EGR: Exhaust Gas Recirculation ASE: Accelerated Solvent Extractor GCIMS: Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry FID: Ionization Flame Detector EPA: Environmental Protection Agency PM/O: Particulate Matter with aerodynamic diameter lower to 10 flm NDIR : Non-Dispersive If!fra-Red SPME: Solid Phase Micro-Extraction
1. Introduction Air pollution, including VOC (Volatile Organic compounds), NOx (Nitrous Oxide), SOx (Sulfur Oxide), PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) and particulates are essentially due to combustion and have several consequences on the human health and the environment (Quisefit and Gaudichet 1998, Berube et al. 1999). In Europe, exhaust smoke, CO (Monoxide Carbon), HC (Unburned Hydrocarbons) and NOx emissions have been regulated by several standards. In 1995, 11 % of PM 10 (Particulate Matter) present in atmosphere have been created by diesel combustion and the authors of AUTO OIL II Report project a reduction to 4,3 % in 2010. Compliance to these different standards have required automotive engineers to develop several ways to reduce exhaust emissions. One of them has been extensively studied since 1950 on large engines: the use of waterfuel emulsion (Vichniesky et al. 1975). For example, in France, a large part of urban transpor
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