Basics of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions
The central topics of the book are fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission saving technologies, monitoring possibilities, infrastructure impacts, administrative and legislative options, and financial and social conditions in transportation.
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Basics of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions
The central topics of the book are fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission saving technologies, monitoring possibilities, infrastructure impacts, administrative and legislative options, and financial and social conditions in transportation. This book has five main chapters (see Fig. 1.1). All means of transport consume fuel and emit waste products into the air. The fundamentals of recent technology are depicted in [1]. This book deals with fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions from internal combustion and jet engines in motor vehicles, ships, and airplanes, and does not survey railroads, and it furthermore considers unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, particles and carbon dioxide, and does not include other pollutants and climate gases. Regarding the complexity of transport, the most important potentials for fuel savings are in the technology of vehicles, airplanes and ships, in the organization of transportation systems and in the optimization of environmental conditions, which is the main guide for consideration in this book (see Fig. 1.2).
1.1 Comparison of Fuel Consumption and Emissions in Transportation Fuel consumption of vehicles can be expressed using the metric unit system in terms of consumed fuel per passenger kilometer and passenger mile or per weight of transported cargo: • Fuel volume or fuel mass per passenger-kilometers in l (passenger km)-1 or kg (passenger kg)-1;
M. Palocz-Andresen, Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation, Green Energy and Technology, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-11976-7_1, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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1 Basics of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions Basic aspects of fuel consumption Types of fuel Fundamental elements of saving fuel and reducing emissions
Measurement of fuel consumption Emissions and measurement of emissions Construction Electronic and computer technology
Technological elements
Aero-and hydrodynamics Propulsion technology Engine technology Type approval and Type certification
Administrative measures
Inspection and maintenance Navigation
Social and environmental conditions Future transportation systems
Climate and environment Cost situation Future transportation Closing remarks
Fig. 1.1 Structure of the book
• Fuel volume or fuel mass per freight mass and distance, or freight volume and distance in l (kg km)-1 and l (m3 km)-1, or kg (kg km)-1 and kg (m3 km)-1; and • Fuel volume or fuel mass per engine performance or engine thrust as Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) in ml (kNh)-1 and ml (kWh)-1 or g (kNh)-1 and g (kWh)-1. Unlike the metric system (International System of Units (SI) or Système International d’Unités), the imperial measurement system gives details on attainable distance per volume of fuel, i.e., mile per gallon or mpg consumed. In the USA, and in the UK in the past (Imperial Unit), the energy intensity of travel was often expressed in units of BTU per mile, i.e., BTU mi-1. The tables and re
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