Beyond Our Genes Pathophysiology of Gene and Environment Interaction
The genotype/phenotype dichotomy is being slowly replaced by a more complex relationship whereby the majority of phenotypes arise from interactions between one’s genotype and the environment in which one lives. Interestingly, it seems that not only our li
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Beyond Our Genes Pathophysiology of Gene and Environment Interaction and Epigenetic Inheritance
Beyond Our Genes
Raffaele Teperino Editor
Beyond Our Genes Pathophysiology of Gene and Environment Interaction and Epigenetic Inheritance
Editor Raffaele Teperino Head of the Environmental Epigenetics Group Institute of Experimental Genetics & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH – German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg, Bayern, Germany
ISBN 978-3-030-35212-7 ISBN 978-3-030-35213-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35213-4 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
The incidence of chronic – multifactorial – diseases including diabetes, obesity, and cancer is exponentially increasing worldwide, and the most recent forecasts predict its rise will continue. The scientific community has been trying since more than a decade to understand the genetic underpinnings of complex diseases pathogenesis, heritability, and susceptibility through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). While providing an unprecedented genetic framework for our understanding of complex diseases, GWAS studies have failed in explaining heritability and individual susceptibility. These results, though, have shed light on an unexpected hope. The relative failure of GWAS, indeed, underlines the existence of additional pathophysiological mechanisms and the need for the scientific community to start looking at the organism not as a genetic monad rather as the result of a complex interaction between his genetic blueprint and the environment he lives in. Epidemiological studies, indeed, suggest that our environmen
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