Binational Efforts Addressing Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms in the Great Lakes
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) are a recurring impairment in many of the lakes and connecting water bodies that make up the Laurentian Great Lakes. In many of these lakes, eutrophication during the twentieth century resulted in shifts in
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Cyanobacterial Blooms as Contaminants in the Great Lakes History of CyanoHABs in Lake Erie Reemergence of CyanoHABs in Western Lake Erie Effects of Global Change on CyanoHABs 4.1 Temperature 4.2 CO2 4.3 Eutrophication 5 Beyond Lake Erie: Examples of CyanoHABs in Other Laurentian Great Lakes 5.1 Green Bay, Lake Michigan 5.2 Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron 5.3 Hamilton Harbour and Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario 5.4 Lake St. Clair 5.5 Apostle Islands, Lake Superior 6 Cyanotoxins Produced in the Great Lakes 6.1 Microcystins 6.2 Cylindrospermopsins 6.3 Saxitoxins 6.4 Anatoxins 7 Binational Efforts Addressing CyanoHABs References
Abstract Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) are a recurring impairment in many of the lakes and connecting water bodies that make up the
K. McKindles and G. S. Bullerjahn Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA T. Frenken and R. M. L. McKay (*) Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada e-mail: [email protected] Jill Crossman and Chris Weisener (eds.), Contaminants of the Great Lakes, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_513, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
K. McKindles et al.
Laurentian Great Lakes. In many of these lakes, eutrophication during the twentieth century resulted in shifts in summer phytoplankton populations to communities dominated by harmful and noxious colonial and filamentous cyanobacteria. Nutrient pollution of Lake Erie was an important factor behind the implementation of the 1972 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the USA and Canada. While the GLWQA has been effective in targeting point sources of nutrient loading, nonpoint source contributions related to agricultural activity have increased in recent decades. Re-eutrophication as experienced in parts of western Lake Erie and portions of the other Great Lakes is exacerbated by global climate change with these factors collectively contributing to a resurgence in the frequency and severity of cyanoHABs. As the Laurentian Great Lakes are shared waters between the USA and Canada, successful mitigation of cyanoHABs will require increased binational coordination. Keywords Cyanotoxins, Eutrophication, Great Lakes, Harmful algal blooms, Lake Erie
1 Cyanobacterial Blooms as Contaminants in the Great Lakes Freshwater is North America’s most abundant natural resource, yet our freshwater resources are at risk. Nowhere is this more apparent than the Laurentian Great Lakes and their watersheds. Home to >35 million people distributed across two nations whose citizens rely on this freshwater resource for potable water, employment, sustenance, and recreational opportunities, environmental concerns are a recurring theme, compromising beneficial uses of the lakes and posing a threat to a combined GDP of US $6 trillion across the Great Lakes region [1–3]. Whereas environmental issues in the twentieth century often concerned industrial pollution affecting sediment quality and the health of fish and wildlif
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