Bioactive Bacterial Organic Volatiles: An Overview and Critical Comments
Microorganisms release numerous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) among which at the present state of the art ca. 10% have been shown to be biologically active. Fourteen compounds that target different organisms are considered unspecific. Out of the ca. 1
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Bioactive Bacterial Organic Volatiles: An Overview and Critical Comments Birgit Piechulla, Marie Chantal Lemfack, and Nancy Magnus
Abstract Microorganisms release numerous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) among which at the present state of the art ca. 10% have been shown to be biologically active. Fourteen compounds that target different organisms are considered unspecific. Out of the ca. 120 discrete VOCs the 29, 31, 12, 22 compounds affect either plants, fungi, bacteria, or invertebrates, respectively, or were so far only tested in the respective interorganismal interaction. They are tentatively considered specific and are most likely candidate compounds for future applications. This chapter also raises critical aspects of dual co-culture test systems, regarding the consideration of inorganic and organic volatiles or single and complex VOC mixtures, single and multi-species approaches which share more similarity to the natural habitat and will provide a more holistic understanding of the volatilemediated interactions in a given ecological niche. Keywords Bacterial volatile organic compounds · Volatile-mediated interorganismal interaction · Bioactive VOC · Co-culture · Sodorifen · mVOC database
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Introduction
Microorganisms are universally present in nature and are able to colonize even extreme habitats. In the last decade, the microbiomes of various habitats such as in and on invertebrates, animals, humans (e.g., guts or skins), or of the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of plants were systematically analyzed. Besides describing the appearance and the phylogenetic relationships of bacteria in microbiomes, it is also important to consider the metabolic capabilities of these microorganisms. For instance, the knowledge regarding the uptake and metabolization of organic
B. Piechulla (*) · M. C. Lemfack · N. Magnus Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 C.-M. Ryu et al. (eds.), Bacterial Volatile Compounds as Mediators of Airborne Interactions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7293-7_2
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compounds is indispensable because respective intermediates and/or end products may serve different biological functions in the host organism (e.g., play a role during digestion) or in the ecological niche (e.g., they are important components of the natural recycling processes of litter). Microorganisms can survive in high as well as in scarce nutritional conditions by adapting their metabolisms correspondingly. To maintain their viability, they are extremely flexible in metabolic and physiological adjustments, e.g., it is well documented that under competitive circumstances microbes produce secondary/specialized metabolites. Many isolated microorganisms are able to produce high molecular weight effective (¼bioactive) compounds some of which are used as antibiotics in human health care. However, small compounds of 300 Da or less were overlooked in the past. Research of these microbial c
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