Contribution of Bacterial Volatiles to Chemical Ecology
Bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mediate biological interactions. Microbes acquire information from their niche and affect the physiology and behaviour of their competitors using the highly diffusible VOCs. VOCs act in both positive and negativ
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Contribution of Bacterial Volatiles to Chemical Ecology Rouhallah Sharifi and Choong-Min Ryu
Abstract Bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mediate biological interactions. Microbes acquire information from their niche and affect the physiology and behaviour of their competitors using the highly diffusible VOCs. VOCs act in both positive and negative interactions. Microbes and eukaryotic host have evolved specific sensing mechanisms to perceive and respond to VOCs from their symbiotic partner. Some microbes have also acquired volatile biosynthesis genes from their symbiotic partner via horizontal gene transfer during their co-evolution. VOCs reduce the cost of antagonist interactions, as they prevent close conflicts by repelling competitors or killing them over a long distance. VOCs also play an important role in predator–prey interactions. Altogether, VOCs are a powerful tool for improving the competence of the emitting bacteria in their ecological niche. Airborne communication determines the complex relations within an ecosystem in a dynamic and sophisticated manner. VOCs are multifaceted compounds and a promising source of eco-friendly agrochemicals. Further research is needed to investigate and exploit VOCs in natural ecosystems. Keywords Agrochemical · Ecosystem · Microbial robustness · Volatile organic compounds
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Introduction
Microbial populations comprise individuals of same species. In nature, they live with other populations forming complex biological communities. Coexistence could be advantageous or detrimental for microbes; for example, microbes release enzymes, R. Sharifi (*) Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran e-mail: r.sharifi@razi.ac.ir C.-M. Ryu Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 C.-M. Ryu et al. (eds.), Bacterial Volatile Compounds as Mediators of Airborne Interactions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7293-7_6
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chelates and other public good compounds, which benefit both the producer and the recipient (Niehaus et al. 2019). Additionally, microbes degrade recalcitrant compounds, which act as substrates for other species. However, microbes need to compete with each other for nutrients in a source-limiting environment. Theoretically, in a nutrient-rich environment without any space limitation, microbes grow at an exponential rate. However, such ideal conditions are not common in nature. In complex ecological niches such as rhizosphere and mammals gut, microbial population and their demand is high, whereas resource availability is mostly limited and often heterogeneously distributed (Hill and Jones 2019; Jones et al. 2013). Even in rich media, microbes may suicide or have negative effect on each other (Coyte et al. 2015; Ratzke et al. 2018). Host organism also extrinsically regulated microbial populations. Overall, this negative or competitive effect suppor
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