Biochemical Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis refers to the growth of new capillaries from a pre-existing capillary bed which can occur during normal physiological and pathological conditions by sprouting and non-sprouting processes, which are activated by different stimuli. Various stud
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Biochemical Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Angiogenesis Dustin Scott Kehler, Naranjan S. Dhalla, and Todd A. Duhamel
Abstract Angiogenesis refers to the growth of new capillaries from a pre-existing capillary bed which can occur during normal physiological and pathological conditions by sprouting and non-sprouting processes, which are activated by different stimuli. Various studies have demonstrated that exercise increases the expression of several growth factors for both sprouting and non-sprouting angiogenesis, including vascular endothelial growth factor and other cytokines in skeletal and cardiac muscle, which are associated with an increase in the number of capillaries in the heart and skeletal muscle. Exercise is known to stimulate the release of several pro- and anti-angiogenic proteins and transcription factors and it appears that hypoxia and/or ischemia play a major role in the growth and expansion of new capillaries and has also been suggested that mechanical forces, such as shear stress or muscle overload, stimulate exercise-induced angiogenesis. More importantly, an in-depth understanding of the factors that influence exercise-induced angiogenesis may contribute to the development of potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of different diseases including hypertension and ischemic heart disease. Keywords Angiogenesis • Physical activity • Exercise training • Vascular endothelial growth factor • Matrix metalloproteinase • Angiopoietins • Endostatin • Thrombospondin • Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases • Endothelial progenitor cells • Chronic disease D.S. Kehler • T.A. Duhamel, Ph.D. (*) Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R2H 2A6 Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada e-mail: [email protected] N.S. Dhalla Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences St. Boniface Hospital Research, University of Manitoba, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R2H 2A6 University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada J.L. Mehta and N.S. Dhalla (eds.), Biochemical Basis and Therapeutic Implications of Angiogenesis, Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease 6, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5857-9_11, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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Introduction
Blood vessels and capillaries play a vital role in supplying oxygen and nutrients to metabolic tissues as well as play a functional role in the endocrine and immune systems [1]. Much of the current understanding of the anatomy and physiology of capillaries stems from the early work of Krogh [2–5], who examined the distribution and number of capillaries in organs and tissues, the structure of the capillary wall, and the exchange of substances through the capillary wall [5]. His work has also eluded to the fact that blood vessels have the capacity to grow (i.e., arteriogenesis) as well as to form new blood vessels from a pre
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