Biocompatibility of CAD/CAM ORMOCER polymer scaffold structures
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Biocompatibility of CAD/CAM ORMOCER polymer scaffold structures A. Doraiswamy1, T. Patz1, R. Narayan1 B. Chichkov2, A. Ovsianikov2 R. Houbertz3 R. Modi4, R. Auyeung4, D.B. Chrisey4 1
Bioengineering Program & School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA 2 Laser Zentrum Hannover, Hannover, D-30419, Germany 3 Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Wurzburg, Germany 4 US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
ABSTRACT A fresh approach with a novel process and a hybrid material is explored for developing designer 3-dimensional functional tissue scaffolds. The process of two photon-induced polymerization generally used for electronic and optical materials is introduced for developing biological scaffolds. Hybrid materials containing organic-inorganic units, ORMOCERs, fabricated with this process are tested for biocompatibility using various cell-types and compared with known standards such as polystyrene and ECM (Extracellular Matrix). Results show good adherence of different cells to these materials, and a growth rate comparable to bioactive materials. Structures with various surface topologies are developed and tested for preferential growth. The study is a first step towards developing bioactive and bioresorbable heterogeneous three-dimensional scaffolds.
INTRODUCTION Conventional tissue engineering approaches include development of the scaffold followed by cell-seeding and signaling to differentiate into the required cell-type. Development of the scaffold structures involved casting and forming techniques, which have given way to various processes such as photolithography, micromachining, ink-jetting and other deposition techniques, all of which allow 2-dimensional fabrication with various degrees of complexity. Two-photon-induced-polymerization (2PP) has recently shown to be an effective method in fabricating three dimensional micro and sub-micro structures of a photo-polymerizing material [1-3]. In the process, the resin polymerizes only within the focused region (with higher photon density), which yields in the fabrication of highly precise structures. Photonic crystals, microrotors, microcapsules, micro-pillars, mechanical devices (tubes, oscillators, gear wheels, chains) are some of the many structures that have been fabricated by 2PP. ORMOCER (multifunctional inorganic-organic hybrid polymers or Organically modified ceramics) have been used to fabricate various microstructures using 2PP, for applications in photonics. The mechanical, optical, chemical and surface properties in ORMOCER polymers can be controlled by the synthesis method, by changing the amount of organic/inorganic network density [4]. ORMOCERs produced by a low cost sol-gel technique, have low polymerization
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shrinkage, minimal free residual monomer, exceptional chemical resistance, good thermal and physical properties, all of which makes them ideal for biological applications.
Figure 1. SEM image of Venus fabricated by 2PP1 Liquid ORMOCERs transparent to IR are p
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