Biogas upgrading methods: recent advancements and emerging technologies
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REVIEW PAPER
Biogas upgrading methods: recent advancements and emerging technologies Martin Struk . Ivan Kushkevych
. Monika Vı´teˇzova´
Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Biogas is a valuable product of the anaerobic digestion process, which is used for the generation of renewable energy. The main component of biogas is methane together with impurities like carbon dioxide water vapour, hydrogen sulphide, siloxanes, hydrocarbons, ammonia, oxygen, carbon monoxide and nitrogen. Their presence is undesired, reducing the calorific value of biogas and creating various operational problems on machines. Therefore, multi-stage technologies for their removal are used during the process of transformation of biogas to biomethane. This paper presents the most used physicochemical technologies for biogas upgrading and CO2 removal with the addition of novel findings and further possibilities of their improvements. Compared are their costs, energy requirements, removal efficiency and other parameters to give the reader a more complex view on their competitiveness. The review also includes a comprehensive description of chemotrophic as well as phototrophic methods of hydrogen sulphide treatment with a focus on biological means. Although these methods are not always feasible when compared with physicochemical counterparts, they
offer attractive advantages, including lower cost and more environmentally friendly operation with greater possibilities of improvement. Keywords Biomethane Biogas purifying Carbon dioxide removal Hydrogen sulphide removal Abbreviations AOP Advanced oxidation process DEA Diethanolamine DES Deep eutectic solvent DMPEG Dimethyl ether of polyethene glycol GSB Green sulphur bacteria HRT Hydraulic retention time IEA International Energy Agency IL Ionic liquids LDOF Light-diffusing optical fibre LED Light-emitting diodes MDEA Methyl diethanolamine MEA Monoethanolamine MOF Metal-organic frameworks PSA Pressure swing adsorption PSB Purple sulphur bacteria VSA Vacuum swing adsorption
M. Struk (&) I. Kushkevych (&) M. Vı´teˇzova´ Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic e-mail: [email protected] I. Kushkevych e-mail: [email protected]
123
Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol
1 Introduction Renewable energy sources are today becoming more and more prominent, and increased effort is made to advance the existing technologies. According to the EU renewable energy target for 2030, 27% of all energy production should be covered by renewable energy sources. Regarding transportation, 14% must come from renewable sources. Advanced biofuels, together with biogas, should comprise 3.5% of the energy required for the transport sector (Directive (EU) 2018/2001). The rise in biogas demand is also forecasted by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in two scenarios (Fig. 1). The Stated Policies Scenario operates with today’s policies enacted by governments and shows their possible o
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