Biogenic Migration of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Crimean Hypersaline Lakes: A Seasonal Aspect
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enic Migration of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Crimean Hypersaline Lakes: A Seasonal Aspect I. I. Rudnevaa, *, I. N. Zalevskayab, **, V. G. Shaidaa, G. N. Memetlaevab, and A. V. Scherbaa a
Kovalevsky Institute of the Biology of Southern Seas, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastopol, 229011 Russia b Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, 295007 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] **e-mail: [email protected] Received January 31, 2020; revised February 28, 2020; accepted March 3, 2020
Abstract—The paper presents data on seasonal fluctuations in hydrochemical characteristics and the supply dynamics of biogenic elements in four hypersaline lakes in Crimea: Sasyk-Sivash, Oiburg, Konrad, and Sakskoe (eastern basin) in 2017. The migration pathways of biogenic elements in the hypersaline lakes are determined depending of natural and anthropogenic factors. The role of the elements in ecosystem processes, the formation of peloids, and the functioning of communities of organisms are discussed. Probable transformation scenarios of the ecosystems of saline lakes are considered as a function of climatic changes, increasing anthropogenic load, and related increase in the inflow of biogenic elements. Keywords: hypersaline lakes, Crimea, seasonal fluctuations, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, pollution DOI: 10.1134/S0016702920100122
INTRODUCTION Hypersaline lakes of various salinity, pH, mineral composition, and biological diversity are actively used by the humankind. Minerals dissolved in the brine are utilized in the chemical industry, and the grounds are widely utilized in balneology and as crude materials for producing cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and spa materials. The dominant invertebrate species is a brine shrimp, Artemia salina, which is a starting food for many aquatic species (Wooldridge et al., 2016; Shadkam et al., 2016). Many hypersaline lakes occur in areas of intense economic activity, which variably affects these unique ecosystems and therewith irreparable harms them, contaminates, and leads to their desalination and degradation. Crimea hosts 45 hypersaline lakes (Ponizovskii, 1965; Gulov, 2007), whose total surface area amounts to about 52000 ha. The depths of these water bodies do not exceed 3 m, and their salinity broadly varies and depends on the season, climatic conditions in the area, the inflow of seawater, atmospheric precipitation, and possible groundwater inflow. Hypersaline lakes in Crimea were formed about 6500–7000 years and are classified into two groups according to their origin: seaside and landlocked, with the latter supposedly also formerly being marine lagoons and estuaries. Based on their geographic settings, the lakes are classified into five groups: Perekop, Yevpatoriya, Tarkhankut, Kerch, and Khersones.
The lakes of the Yevpatoriya group are located on the coast between the village of Shtormovoe and the town of Saki. These are seaside lakes, which are hydrologiclaly connected with the sea and are separated from it by sand bars. The lakes occur in an area of active economic activities, first of
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