Biological activities of melanin pigment extracted from Bombyx mori gut-associated yeast Cryptococcus rajasthanensis KY6
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Biological activities of melanin pigment extracted from Bombyx mori gut‑associated yeast Cryptococcus rajasthanensis KY627764 Delicia Avilla Barretto1 · Shyam Kumar Vootla1 Received: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 / Published online: 25 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Melanin pigment has been produced and extracted from a wide variety of living forms ranging from microorganisms to higher organisms. Owing to the therapeutic nature of the pigment, various microbial populations have been explored for its production. Hence, we isolated a melanin producing yeast from the insect Bombyx mori gut microflora and identified it as Cryptococcus rajasthanensis based on the molecular characterization. The isolated yeast produced enhanced melanin pigment when cultured in the minimal l-tyrosine broth as compared to the Saboraud medium. The pigment was extracted and characterized as melanin based on UV–Visible spectroscopy, FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy and 1H NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance). The melanin pigment was evaluated as a potent bioactive molecule with bioactivity like antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activity that describes the therapeutic nature of the extracted melanin pigment. Distinct from the biologically active role the melanin pigment isolated from the yeast, the Cryptococcus extract also exhibited killer toxin activity against the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Keywords Melanins · Cryptococcus rajasthanensis · Gut microflora · Therapeutic nature
Introduction Melanins are the brown to black pigments having phenolic or indolic polymers (Cordero and Casadevall 2020). Melanin synthesis has been reported almost in the entire living forms especially by the microorganisms. Both bacteria and fungi are known to produce melanin. Among the bacteria reported to produce melanin pigment include Bacillus spp. viz. B. subtilis, B. thuringiensis, B. safensis, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Rhizobium sp., Brevundimonas sp., Marinomonas mediterranea, Streptomyces spp. like S. glaucescens, lusitanus, S. antibioticus and S. kathirae (Solano, 2014; Martinez et al. 2019) and the fungal species include Aspergillus spp. viz, A. fumigatus A. bridgeri, A. alternata, A. nidulans, Agaricus bisporus, Neurospora crassa, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gatti, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Wangiella dermatitidis, Sporothrix schenckii, Pneumocystis carinii, etc. (Plonka and Grabacka 2006; Pombeiro-Sponchiado et al. 2017). * Shyam Kumar Vootla [email protected] 1
Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka 580003, India
Melanin production is mainly observed in the pathogenic microbial strains as it contributes to virulence to the microbes through several ways like its free radical scavenging activity and electron transfer properties brings strong metal chelating ability (Zdybel et al. 2015). It also inhibits phagocytotic killing of the cells by significantly altering surface hydrophobicity of the encaps
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