Biological and Functional Biomarkers of Aging: Definition, Characteristics, and How They Can Impact Everyday Cancer Trea
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GERIATRIC ONCOLOGY (L BALDUCCI, SECTION EDITOR)
Biological and Functional Biomarkers of Aging: Definition, Characteristics, and How They Can Impact Everyday Cancer Treatment Giuseppe Colloca 1 & Beatrice Di Capua 1 & Andrea Bellieni 2 & Domenico Fusco 2 & Francesca Ciciarello 2 & Luca Tagliaferri 1 & Vincenzo Valentini 1 & Lodovico Balducci 3
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review Recognize which are the elements that predict why a person is aging faster or slower and which intervention we can arrange to slow down the process, which permits to prevent or delay the progression of multimorbidity and disability. Recent Findings Aging is a complex process that leads to changes in all the systems of the body and all the functions of the person; however, aging develops at different rates in different people, and chronological age is not always consistent with biological age. Summary Gerontologists are focused not only on finding the best theory able to explain aging but also on identifying one or more markers, which are able to describe aging processes. These biomarkers are necessary to better define the aging-related pathologies, manage multimorbidity, and improve the quality of life. The aim of this paper is to review the most recent evidence on aging biomarkers and the clusters related to them for personalization of treatments. Keywords Biomarker of aging . Frailty syndrome . Aging phenotype . Quality of life . Multimorbidity . Life expectancy . Social needs
Introduction “Most people don’t grow up. Most people age. They find parking spaces, honour their credit cards, get married, have children, and call that maturity. What that is, is aging.”— Maya Angelou. One of the biggest megatrends impacting the world today is population aging. Aging is a topic that has captivated both scientists and philosophers throughout history, but aging as a population scenario emerged on a This article is part of the Topical Collection on Geriatric Oncology * Beatrice Di Capua [email protected] 1
U.O.C. di Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica e Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
2
Dipartimento di Scienze dell’invecchiamento, neurologiche, ortopediche e della testa-collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
3
Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
worldwide scale for the first time in the last century. Thus, it is hard to really identify a definition of aging. It is a decrease in fitness with chronological age, it is a developmental phase beyond the normal life trajectory and it is a time of the increased risk of physical and psychological disabilities testing the limits of resilience. Aging occurs at a different rate in varying geographic regions of the world. Europe is currently the oldest region, with 17.4% of the total population aged 65 and older. However, the Asia and Latin America older population is growing fast, with Asia’s older pop
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