Biological and Molecular Control Tools in Plant Defense
In nature, plants are continuously challenged by biotic stressors such as pathogenic microorganisms and herbivorous pests that often cause important yield reductions in crops. To address global food security issues but also consumer demands for healthier
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Biological and Molecular Control Tools in Plant Defense Maria L. Pappas, Paula Baptista, George D. Broufas, Athanasios Dalakouras, Wafa Djobbi, Victor Flors, Meriem Msaad Guerfali, Slimane Khayi, Rachid Mentag, Victoria Pastor, José Alberto Pereira, Paloma Sánchez-Bel, and Kalliope Papadopoulou
1.1 Introduction A major challenge of humankind is to feed the increasing human population in a sustainable manner. If left uncontrolled, herbivorous pests and pathogens can be highly destructive to crops causing significant yield losses, often above 30% [1, 2]. Pesticide application, an important component of the so-called Green Revolution, remains currently the most common method to control key pests and pathogens of M. L. Pappas (*) · G. D. Broufas School of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece e-mail: [email protected] P. Baptista · J. A. Pereira Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal A. Dalakouras Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece W. Djobbi · M. M. Guerfali Laboratory of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technologies, LR16CNSTN01, National Centre of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Tunis, Tunisia V. Flors · V. Pastor · P. Sánchez-Bel Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain S. Khayi · R. Mentag Biotechnology Research Unit, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Rabat, Morocco K. Papadopoulou Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 J.-M. Mérillon, K. G. Ramawat (eds.), Plant Defence: Biological Control, Progress in Biological Control 22, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51034-3_1
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crops, despite being incompatible with current regulations(e.g. Directive 2009/128/ EC) that promote the reduced input of pesticides and the use of non-chemical methods in crop production, a global trend driven by a strong demand for agricultural products with reduced load of chemicals that also contribute to the increasing levels of pesticide resistance in populations of crop pests. To limit environmental impacts of harmful pesticides and improve agricultural sustainability, a conversion to a new green movement is required [3] taking into account the complexity of the ecological nature of the problem. Novel strategies, complementary and/or alternative to the existing ones are required to control pests and pathogens in the most efficient and environmental-friendly manner. A growing emphasis on biological control tools such as the use of beneficial organisms and/or environmentally friendly (non-GMO) molecular tools is necessary to overcome technical ch
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