Biomarkers in Earthworms
Soil-dwelling naturally occurring earthworms (e.g. Lumbricus terrestris) are valuable sentinels in soil pollution monitoring for their ecological role but also because they have shown to be sensitive to environmental contaminants. However, most laboratory
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Ecotoxicological Biomarkers: An Overview 3 Biomarkers of Pesticide Exposure 4 Biomarkers of Metal Exposure 5 Biomarkers for Mixed Chemical Exposure 6 Biomarkers of Assessing Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Product Exposure 7 Biomarkers of Nanomaterial Exposure 8 Biomarkers of Plastics, Plasticisers and E-Waste-Related Exposures 9 Earthworm Metabolism and Metabolite Identification 10 Conclusions References
Abstract Soil-dwelling naturally occurring earthworms (e.g. Lumbricus terrestris) are valuable sentinels in soil pollution monitoring for their ecological role but also because they have shown to be sensitive to environmental contaminants. However, most laboratory studies have adopted epigeic earthworms as models (Eisenia spp.) in acute toxicity testing. In soil chronic toxicity assessment, it is essential to include sublethal responses that can have direct implications on species performance, reproduction and behaviour and thus be of ecological significance. In this sense, some biochemical biomarkers are regarded as early warning signals of further ecological consequences. Amongst those most frequently considered are specific responses to certain chemicals (e.g. metallothionein induction to metal exposure) but also those related to oxidative homeostasis of the organisms because prolonged stress may lead to adverse effects at the individual level (disruption of immune system, altered growth and reproduction). Biomarker measures can be applied in specific tissues, but, for methodological constraints, the consideration of the whole animal simplifies protocols and, once validated, they are informative and integrative. The use of
M. Solé (*) ICM-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain e-mail: [email protected] Sandra Pérez Solsona, Nicola Montemurro, Serge Chiron, and Damià Barceló (eds.), Interaction and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Soil-Crop Systems: The Impact of Reclaimed Wastewater, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_628, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
M. Solé
non-destructive tissues (e.g. coelomocytes) that do not require sacrifice, the incorporation of “omic” disciplines and recent technical advances in metabolite identification are all encouraged to be incorporated into toxicity evaluation. Keywords Biochemical biomarkers, Endogeic earthworms, Soil toxicity assessment
1 Introduction This chapter focusses on the use of earthworms from different ecological categories, epigeic, endogeic and anecic (see Chap. 11), as sentinels in toxicity monitoring in relation to soil assessment [1]. It will address the works published after some comprehensive reviews [2] on the use of biomarkers in earthworms or particular review issues addressing pesticide pollution [3, 4]. The use of earthworms as sentinels and sublethal biomarkers in soil pollution assessment is well recognised in terrestrial ecotoxicology, mostly in relation to metal and pesticide pollution [5– 8]. This chapter will focus on more recent work (from 2015 onwards) dealing with the use of biomarkers for assessing the toxicity associated with legacy
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