Biomaterials Approaches in Vascular Engineering: a Review of Past and Future Trends
Creating functional vasculatures remains one of the fundamental challenges that must be addressed before large, complex tissue-engineered constructs can be used in clinical applications. Our current understanding of stem cell biology and vascular morphoge
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Donny Hanjaya-Putra, Maureen Wanjare, and Sharon Gerecht
Contents 16.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 16.1.1 The Importance of Vascularization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 16.1.2 Cell Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 16.1.3 Angiogenic Growth Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 16.1.4 Scaffold Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 16.2 Concepts in Material Development and Tissue Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 16.2.1 Biomimetic Materials: A Lesson from Postnatal Angiogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 16.2.2 Natural and Synthetic Biomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 16.2.3 Cell Adhesion Regulates Vacuole Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 16.2.4 Cell-Mediated Degradation Allows Lumen Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 16.2.5 GFs and Oxygen Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 16.2.6 Tube Stabilization by Prevascular Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 16.2.7 Biomechanical Control Over Vascular Morphogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 16.3 Review of Previous Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 16.3.1 Hydrogels to Control Vascular Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 16.3.2 Biomaterials for GFs and Gene Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 16.3.3 Biomaterials for Inducing Prevascularization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 16.3.4 Microfabrication of Vascular Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 16.4 Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Abstract Creating functional vasculatures remains one of the fundamental challenges that must be addressed before large, complex tissue-engineered constructs can be used in clinical applications. Our current understanding of stem cell biology and vascular morphogenesis has allo
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