Biomaterials Nano Geometry for Control of Stem Cell Differentiation
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1239-VV02-02
MRS Fall Meeting 2009 Symposium VV: Micro- and Nanoscale Processing of Biomaterials Biomaterials Nano Geometry for Control of Stem Cell Differentiation Karla Brammer1, Seunghan Oh1,2 and Sungho Jin1 Materials Science & Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California 2 College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea, South 1
Abstract Two important goals in stem cell research are to control the cell proliferation without differentiation, and also to direct the differentiation into a specific cell lineage when desired. Recent studies indicate that the nanostructures substantially influence the stem cell behavior. It is well known that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into stromal lineages such as adipocyte, chondrocyte, fibroblast, myocyte, and osteoblast cell types. By examining the cellular behavior of MSCs cultured in vitro on nanostructures, some understanding of the effects that the nanostructures have on the stem cell’s response has been obtained. Here we demonstrate that TiO2 nanotubes produced by anodization on Ti implant surface can regulate human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) differentiation towards an osteoblast lineage in the absence of osteogenic inducing factors. Altering the dimensions of nanotubular-shaped titanium oxide surface structures independently allowed either augmented human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) adhesion at smaller diameter levels or a specific differentiation of hMSCs into osteoblasts using only the geometric cues. Small (~30 nm diameter) nanotubes promoted adhesion without noticeable differentiation, while larger (~70 - 100 nm diameter) nanotubes elicited a dramatic, ~10 fold stem cell elongation, which induced cytoskeletal stress and selective differentiation into osteoblast-like cells, offering a promising nanotechnology-based route for novel orthopaedics-related hMSC treatments. The fact that a guided and preferential osteogenic differentiation of stem cells can be achieved using substrate nanotopography alone without using potentially toxic, differentiation-inducing chemical agents is significant, which can be useful for future development of novel and enhanced stem cell control and therapeutic implant development. Introduction Stem cells, which are capable of both self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation, offer exciting possibilities of treating a wide range of diseases. The promising applications of stem cell therapies rely mostly on stem cell differentiation into a well-defined, specific lineage. At the moment, the necessary control of such process, not to mention a clear understanding of the phenomenon itself, is lacking. It would be highly advantageous to be able to control stem cell differentiation so that only those desired cells are preferentially produced from stem cells while a spontaneous differentiation into undesired lineage is prohibited. To date, many of in vitro researches relating to stem cell differentiation have been based on chemical, hormonal and growth factor treatment by adding or rem
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