Biomaterials Regulate Mechanosensors YAP/TAZ in Stem Cell Growth and Differentiation
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Online ISSN 2212-5469
REVIEW ARTICLE
Biomaterials Regulate Mechanosensors YAP/TAZ in Stem Cell Growth and Differentiation Jasmeet Kaur Virdi1 • Prasad Pethe2
Received: 19 June 2020 / Revised: 15 August 2020 / Accepted: 12 September 2020 Ó The Korean Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Society 2020
Abstract Tissue-resident stem cells are surrounded by a microenvironment known as ‘stem cell niche’ which is specific for each stem cell type. This niche comprises of cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors like biochemical and biophysical signals, which regulate stem cell characteristics and differentiation. Biochemical signals have been thoroughly studied however, the effect of biophysical signals on stem cell regulation is yet to be completely understood. Biomaterials have aided in addressing this issue since they can provide a defined and tuneable microenvironment resembling in vivo conditions. We review various biomaterials used in many studies which have shown a connection between biomaterialgenerated mechanical signals and alteration in stem cell behaviour. Researchers probed to understand the mechanism of mechanotransduction and reported that the signals from the extracellular matrix regulate a transcription factor yesassociated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), which is a downstream-regulator of the Hippo pathway and it transduces the mechanical signals inside the nucleus. We highlight the role of the YAP/TAZ as mechanotransducers in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in response to substrate stiffness, also the possibility of mechanobiology as the emerging field of regenerative medicines and three-dimensional tissue printing. Keywords Mechanobiology Human pluripotent stem cells YAP/TAZ Biomaterials
1 Introduction Stem cells are unique cells that can self-renew and differentiate into specialized cells. Stem cell research has opened a new field of regenerative medicine, it has modernized the fields of drug discovery and our understanding of the physiological processes associated with disease or injury [1, 2]. Even though adult human stem cells have been used in clinical settings, their use is impeded because of their
& Prasad Pethe [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Biological Science, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM’s NMIMS (Deemed to-be) University, Mumbai, India
2
Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research (SCSCR), Symbiosis International University, Lavale, Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
limited expansion capabilities, differentiation potential, and availability [3–5]. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) on the other hand exhibit unlimited expansion potential and unique property to differentiate into three germ layer cells, which makes them an ideal cell source for basic and clinical research [6, 7]. The microenvironment surrounding the stem cells, also known as ‘niche’, maintains a balance between self-renewal and differentiation and is specific for each type of stem cell population. It is mainly composed of
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