Biomedical application of VIMP: screening of malignant cells in the prostate
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Biomedical application of VIMP: screening of malignant cells in the prostate Antonio Doménech-Carbó 1
&
Clara Doménech-Casasús 2 & José Luís Pontones 3 & David Ramos 4
Received: 21 March 2020 / Revised: 6 May 2020 / Accepted: 6 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract An electrochemical method for discriminating healthy and malignant tissues in prostate biopsies using the voltammetry of immobilized particles methodology is described. The method involves the sampling with graphite bars 0.5 mm in diameter on paraffin-impregnated cross sections of prostate tissues used in ordinary cytological evaluation after local staining with methylene blue (MB). The subsequent record of the voltammetric response of sample-modified graphite electrodes displays clearly different MB-centered features for healthy and malignant regions due to the different association of the dye to the respective cells. Keywords Prostate cancer . Voltammetry of microparticles . Methylene blue
Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a common malignancy worldwide (it is the most frequent cancer in male patients in the developed world) and is a major public health issue that presents many challenges. Overall mortality and cancer-specific mortality of patients diagnosed in early-stage disease remain uncertain [1–3]. Today, prostate cancer is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality [4, 5]. Patients with earlystage PCa are generally asymptomatic. Early detection by means of a blood test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the current approach, since it provides the only way to identify asymptomatic men with prostate cancers that are curable. Either the PSA level or digital rectal exam raises suspicious, Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04638-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Antonio Doménech-Carbó [email protected] 1
Departament of Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
2
Hospital General de Requena, Valencia, Spain
3
Urology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
4
Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
patients undergo further testing, such as needle biopsy, to confirm the existence of the cancer, by means of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy. Imaging tools like PET (positron emission tomography), CT (computerized tomography), bone scan, and 3T MRI (magnetic resonance) [6, 7] are used to establish the extension of the disease [8, 9]. Repeat prostate biopsies over time have been incorporated into most surveillance strategies [10–12]. This technique, essential for clinically significant prostate tumor detection, however, involves a fine analysis of data. For instance, there is no detailed knowledge of whether changes in histology over time represent tumor growth and de-differentiation or tissue undersampling [13], while
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