Biometric Sample Quality, Standardization

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Stan Z. Li Editor Anil K. Jain Editorial Advisor

volume 

Encyclopedia of Biometrics

1 23

Encyclopedia of Biometrics

Stan Z. Li Editor Anil K. Jain Editorial Advisor

Encyclopedia of Biometrics

With 683 Figures* and 88 Tables

*For color figures please see our Electronic Reference on www.springerlink.com

Editor Stan Z. Li Professor Center for Biometrics and Security Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Editorial Advisor Anil Jain Professor Department of Computer Science & Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing, MI USA

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009929415 ISBN: 978‐0‐387‐73002‐8 This publication is available also as: Electronic version under ISBN 978‐0‐387‐73003‐5 Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978‐0‐387‐73004‐2 ß 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. springer.com Printed on acid‐free paper

SPIN: 11878742 — 5 4 3 2 1 0

Preface The Encyclopedia of Biometrics provides a comprehensive reference to concepts, technologies, issues, and trends in the field of biometrics. The volume covers all important aspects – research, development, and applications, including biometric sensors and devices, methods and algorithms, sample quality, system design and implementation, databases, performance testing, information security, and standardization. Leading experts around the world contributed to this collection of over 200 in-depth essays accompanied by more than 600 definitional entries. The focus of the encyclopedia is on immediate, yet comprehensive, information in an easy-to-use format which is accessible to researchers and scientists, system designers, engineers, programmers, students, practitioners, and government agents working in the broad field of biometrics. It is available as a print edition as well as a fully searchable version with extensive cross-referencing and updates as new trends and terms arise.

Key Features at a Glance  Serves as an immediate point of entry into the field for in-depth research  Covers biometrics of face, fingerprints, iris, vein, voice, hand, ear, gait, skin, tongue, dental, odor, skull, and DNA  A–Z format allows intuitive and easy-to-use access  Cross-referenced entries  Internationally renowned editorial board, from across the scientific and engineering disciplines and geographies  Balanced coverage

Acknowledgments I