Biophysical aspects of biomineralization
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REVIEW
Biophysical aspects of biomineralization Maytê Bolean 1 & Ana M. S. Simão 1 & Marina B. Barioni 1 & Bruno Z. Favarin 1 & Heitor G. Sebinelli 1 & Ekeveliny A. Veschi 1 & Tatiane A. B. Janku 1 & Massimo Bottini 2,3 & Marc F. Hoylaerts 4 & Rosangela Itri 5 & José L. Millán 6 & Pietro Ciancaglini 1
Received: 22 June 2017 / Accepted: 4 August 2017 / Published online: 29 August 2017 # International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB) and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017
Abstract During the process of endochondral bone formation, chondrocytes and osteoblasts mineralize their extracellular matrix (ECM) by promoting the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HA) seed crystals in the sheltered interior of membranelimited matrix vesicles (MVs). Several lipid and proteins present in the membrane of the MVs mediate the interactions of MVs with the ECM and regulate the initial mineral deposition and posterior propagation. Among the proteins of MV membranes, ion transporters control the availability of phosphate and calcium needed for initial HA deposition. Phosphatases (orphan phosphatase 1, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/ phosphodiesterase 1 and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase) play a crucial role in controlling the inorganic pyrophosphate/inorganic phosphate ratio that allows MVThis article is part of a Special Issue on ‘Latin America’ edited by Pietro Ciancaglini and Rosangela Itri. * Maytê Bolean [email protected] * Pietro Ciancaglini [email protected] 1
Depto. Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
2
Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
3
Inflammatory and Infectious Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
4
Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
5
Depto. Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
6
Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
mediated initiation of mineralization. The lipidic microenvironment can help in the nucleation process of first crystals and also plays a crucial physiological role in the function of MVassociated enzymes and transporters (type III sodiumdependent phosphate transporters, annexins and Na+/K+ ATPase). The whole process is mediated and regulated by the action of several molecules and steps, which make the process complex and highly regulated. Liposomes and proteoliposomes, as models of biological membranes, facilitate the understanding of lipid–protein interactions with emphasis on the properties of physicochemical and biochemical processes. In this review, we discuss the use of proteoliposomes as multiple protein carrier systems intended to mimic the various functions of MVs during the initiation and propagation of mineral growth in the course of biomineralization. We focus on studi
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