Bladder Tumors: Molecular Aspects and Clinical Management
Clinical management of bladder cancer is challenging of the heterogeneity among bladder tumors with respect to invasion and metastasis, and frequent occurrence of new tumors in the bladder among patients treated with bladder preservation treatments. Treat
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Vinata B. Lokeshwar Axel S. Merseburger Stefan H. Hautmann Editors ●
Bladder Tumors Molecular Aspects and Clinical Management
Editors Vinata B. Lokeshwar Department of Urology and Cell Biology and Anatomy University of Miami Miller School of Medicine 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, Florida, 33136 USA [email protected]
Axel S. Merseburger Department of Urology and Urologic Oncology Hannover Medical School Carl Neuberg Str.1 30625, Hannover Germany [email protected]
Stefan H. Hautmann Professor of Urology Director of the Department of Urology Klinikum Luedenscheid Academic Hospital of the University of Bonn Paulmannshoeher Str. 14 58515 Luedenscheid Germany [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-60761-927-7 e-ISBN 978-1-60761-928-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-60761-928-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Bladder cancer is a common cancer of the urinary tract. It is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death among men and the seventh among women. Clinical management of bladder cancer is challenging because of the heterogeneity among bladder tumors with respect to invasion and metastasis and frequent occurrence of new tumors in the bladder among patients treated with bladder preservation treatments. Due to these factors it has been said that the cost per patient of bladder cancer from diagnosis to death is the highest of all cancers. In addition to it being a significant health problem, bladder cancer is an interesting cancer to study in many ways than one. For example, environmental factors such as cigarette smoking and other carcinogens play a major role in the development of transitional carcinoma of the bladder, whereas schistosomiasis, a protozoan infection, results in squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Different molecular pathways with distinct molecular signatures appear to be involved in the development of low-grade versus high-grade bladder tumors. Currently being monitored by an invasive endoscopic procedure, cystectomy, with urine cytology as an adjunct, bladder cancer is at the forefront of developing cancer bio
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