Bleak present, bright future: II. Combined effects of episodic future thinking and scarcity on delay discounting in adul
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Bleak present, bright future: II. Combined effects of episodic future thinking and scarcity on delay discounting in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes Jeffrey S. Stein1 · William H. Craft1 · Rocco A. Paluch2 · Kirstin M. Gatchalian1 · Mark H. Greenawald3 · Teresa Quattrin2 · Lucy D. Mastrandrea2 · Leonard H. Epstein2 · Warren K. Bickel1
Received: 24 February 2020 / Accepted: 2 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The present study sought to determine if episodic future thinking (EFT) can decrease delay discounting (DD) and demand for fast food under simulations of economic scarcity in adults at risk for diabetes (i.e., overweight/ obese and with hemoglobin A1c values in, or approaching, the prediabetic range). Across two sessions, participants completed assessments of DD and food demand at baseline and while prompted to: (1) engage in either EFT or control episodic recent thinking, and (2) while reading a brief narrative describing either economic scarcity or neutral income conditions. Results showed that EFT significantly reduced DD, whereas the economic scarcity narrative significantly increased DD; no significant interaction between EFT and scarcity was observed. No significant effect of either EFT or scarcity was observed on food demand. We conclude that EFT decreases DD even when challenged by simulated economic scarcity in adults at risk for diabetes. The absence of a significant interaction between EFT and scarcity suggests that these variables operate independently to influence DD in opposing directions. Effects of EFT and economic scarcity
on food demand require further study. The present study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03664726).
* Jeffrey S. Stein [email protected]
Leonard H. Epstein [email protected]
William H. Craft [email protected]
Warren K. Bickel [email protected]
Rocco A. Paluch [email protected]
1
Kirstin M. Gatchalian [email protected]
Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
2
Mark H. Greenawald [email protected]
School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo Jacobs, Buffalo, NY, USA
3
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, USA
Teresa Quattrin [email protected]
Keywords Delay discounting · Episodic future thinking · Scarcity · Income shock · Prediabetes · Obesity Type 2 diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality both globally and nationally (Heron 2018). Approximately 30.3 million Americans alone suffer from this disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017), incurring more than $200 billion annually in direct medical costs and lost productivity (American Diabetes Association 2013). Behavior plays a prominent role in the etiology of type 2 diabetes (e.g., poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity; Heron 2018); thus, development of behavioral interventions designed to reduce caloric int
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