Blended Learning Adoption and Implementation in Higher Education: A Theoretical and Systematic Review
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Blended Learning Adoption and Implementation in Higher Education: A Theoretical and Systematic Review Bokolo Anthony Jr.1 · Adzhar Kamaludin2 · Awanis Romli2 · Anis Farihan Mat Raffei2 · Danakorn Nincarean A. L. Eh Phon2 · Aziman Abdullah2 · Gan Leong Ming2 Accepted: 26 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Technological innovations such as blended learning (BL) are rapidly changing teaching and learning in higher education, where BL integrates face to face teaching with web based learning. Thus, as polices related to BL increases, it is required to explore the theoretical foundation of BL studies and how BL were adopted and implemented in relation to students, lecturers and administration. However, only fewer studies have focused on exploring the constructs and factors related to BL adoption by considering the students, lecturers and administration concurrently. Likewise, prior research neglects to explore what practices are involved for BL implementation. Accordingly, this study systematically reviews, synthesizes, and provides meta-analysis of 94 BL research articles published from 2004 to 2020 to present the theoretical foundation of BL adoption and implementation in higher education. The main findings of this study present the constructs and factors that influence students, lecturers and administration towards adopting BL in higher education. Moreover, findings suggest that the BL practices to be implemented comprises of face-to-face, activities, information, resources, assessment, and feedback for students and technology, pedagogy, content, and knowledge for lecturers. Besides, the review reveals that the ad hoc, technology acceptance model, information system success model, the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, and lastly diffusion of innovations theories are the mostly employed theories employed by prior studies to explore BL adoption. Findings from this study has implications for student, lecturers and administrators by providing insights into the theoretical foundation of BL adoption and implementation in higher education. Keywords Teaching and learning in digital environments · Blended learning adoption and implementation · Students’ attitude · Students’ perspective · Higher education
* Bokolo Anthony Jr. [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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1 Introduction Blended learning (BL) has increasingly been utilized in higher education as it has the advantages of both traditional and online teaching approaches (Poon 2014). Findings from prior studies Edward et al. (2018); Ghazal et al. (2018) indicated that BL approach enhances students’ learning engagement and experience as it creates a significant influence on students’ awareness of the teaching mode and learning background. BL moves the emphasis from teaching to learning, thus enabling students to become more involved in the learning process and more enthused and, consequently, improves their perseverance and commitment (Is
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