Bloodstream Infections Caused by Waterborne Bacteria
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Treatment and Prevention of Hospital Infections (D Vilar-Compte, Section Editor)
Bloodstream Infections Caused by Waterborne Bacteria B. Gómez-Gómez, M.D. P. Volkow-Fernández, M.D. P. Cornejo-Juárez, M.D., M.Sc* Address * Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico Email: [email protected]
* Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Treatment and Prevention of Hospital Infections Keywords Waterborne I Outbreak I Bloodstream infection I Hospital-acquired
Abstract Purpose of Review We describe the mechanisms and risk factors related to nongastrointestinal waterborne hospital-acquired infections, including bloodstream infections. Included are some characteristics of the main bacteria described in the literature. Recent Findings In the last two decades, the number of water living bacteria that had been identified as causing healthcare-associated waterborne infections has expanded. Among these, Legionella, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other non-fermenting bacteria, and nontuberculous mycobacteria are included. We describe some of the main characteristics of the bacteria associated with the infections in the hospital setting, mostly bloodstream infections. Summary No single approach guarantees that hospital water will be safe for vulnerable patients, but a combination of engineering, chlorination surveillance, hygiene measures, and clinical care strategies can minimize the risk. Microbial contamination of the water supply in healthcare facilities is better prevented than remediated.
Introduction In the last four decades, modern medicine has increased the life expectancy of patients with chronic lifethreatening diseases, previously considered terminal, at the cost of increasing vulnerability of human beings, and frequently affecting both humoral and cellular immunity [1]. To this, we have to add the use of invasive devices, mainly vascular catheters that constitute a direct
bridge between the external environment, including bath water, and the bloodstream; these intravascular devices put patients at risk of infection particularly bloodstream infection (BSI). Waterborne healthcareassociated infections (HAIs) have been increasingly recognized in the last decades as a source of pneumonia (Legionella) [2•]. More recently, water for human use has
Treatment and Prevention of Hospital Infections (D Vilar-Compte, Section Editor) been related as a potential cause of HAI, in particular bacteremia in patients with invasive devices. Multiple microorganisms can grow in nonsterile water, and if preventive measures are not established to strictly avoid
the contact between water and these devices, it can become a source of bacteremia. On the other hand, microorganisms that grow in hospital water incur significant morbidity and mortality [3••].
Environment Hospital water and water-related devices, as well as moist environments and aqueous solutions, can serve as a reservoir of waterb
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