Boron-doped sucrose carbons for supercapacitor electrode: artificial neural network-based modelling approach
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Boron‑doped sucrose carbons for supercapacitor electrode: artificial neural network‑based modelling approach Amirhossein Fallah1 · Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo1 · Mustafa Gazi1 Received: 19 March 2020 / Accepted: 14 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Here, a simple yet efficient and economic strategy were demonstrated for the production of multiporous boric acid-doped sucrose carbon (Bx–pC) for supercapacitor application. The electrochemical performance was established through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. B x–pC samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Raman spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption/desorption at − 196 °C. The results reveal that the optimum boron dopant is 2 at.%; and B2–pC containing 2 at.% boron exhibited honeycomb-like porous structure (2.88 nm) and a high specific surface area of 1298.9 m2 g−1. The B2–pC-based symmetric supercapacitor delivered a remarkable energy density of ~ 56 Wh kg−1, a high power density of 1300 W kg−1 and superior capacitance of 239 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. To establish the complex relationships between the electrode structure, active operating conditions and electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor, an artificial neural network (ANN) methodology was utilized herein. After several random runs, the ANN maintained satisfactory predictive performance with an average error rate of ~ 1.06% and desirability function of 0.93 which is closer to 1.0.
1 Introduction A continuous decrease in fossil fuel resources due to excessive strain and overconsumption has led to a global energy crisis, which is hindering sustainable development of our society. Hence, the conversion of renewable energy and its storage has attracted a lot of interest [1, 2]. Of recent, there has been increasing demand for efficient energy storage devices; supercapacitors have attracted significant attention as novel and competitive energy storage devices. The increasing interest in supercapacitors is due to their fast charge–discharge time, excellent cycle life (> 100,000 cycles), low maintenance cost, and sufficiently high power density [1–5]. Considering these positive aspects, supercapacitors have been deployed in a backup power system, hybrid vehicles, smart wearable devices, flash cameras and * Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo [email protected]; [email protected] * Mustafa Gazi [email protected] 1
Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TR North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey
various potable electronic equipment [5, 6]. Whilst supercapacitor is considered as a promising energy storage system, current commercial supercapacitors suffer from low energy density compared with batteries [3, 5–7]. Hence, concerted efforts have been directed to further improve their energy density [7, 8]. On a general note; the supercapacitor electrochemical performance relies on
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