Brain function associated with reaction time after sport-related concussion
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Brain function associated with reaction time after sport-related concussion Nathan W. Churchill 1,5 & Michael G. Hutchison 1,2 & Simon J. Graham 3,4 & Tom A. Schweizer 1,5,6,7
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Concussion is associated with significant functional disturbances in the first week post-injury. Computerized neurocognitive testing tools have become widely adopted in concussion management, to identify specific domains of impairment and obtain more objective measures of recovery. Reaction time (RT) slowing is a common sequela of concussion, however, the functional brain networks that underlie RT performance remain under-studied in both healthy and concussed athletic cohorts. This study used blood-oxygenationlevel-dependent function magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) to evaluate resting brain function of 45 university-level athletes with concussion in the first week post-injury, along with a control cohort of 102 athletes without recent concussion. We evaluated the main effects of concussion and RT on functional connectivity, along with concussion × RT interactions, using multivariate analysis techniques. Concussion was associated with reduced connectivity throughout the brain, whereas RT slowing was associated with elevated connectivity in parietal and temporal regions, for both control and concussed groups. For the concussed group, RT slowing was also associated with disrupted connectivity between fronto-insular and default mode networks. For concussed athletes, the brain networks associated with slower post-injury RT also showed similar but non-significant associations with longitudinal changes in RT performance relative to pre-injury baseline. These study findings provide new insights into the effects of concussion on neurocognitive function and suggest the presence of functional brain networks that are specific to concussion-related RT slowing. Keywords Concussion . Reaction time . Cognition . fMRI . Connectivity
Introduction Concussion is a form of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) that is associated with transient behavioural disturbances, typically
in the absence of neuroanatomical lesions. The diagnosis and management of sport-related concussion has historically relied on symptom assessments, combined with brief cognitive and balance testing (McCrory et al. 2017). More recently,
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-020-00349-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Nathan W. Churchill [email protected] Michael G. Hutchison [email protected] Simon J. Graham [email protected] Tom A. Schweizer [email protected] 1
Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael’s Hospital Neuroscience Research Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
2
Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
3
Physical Sciences Plat
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