Breeding synthetic varieties in annual caraway: observations on the outcrossing rate in a polycross using a high-through
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Breeding synthetic varieties in annual caraway: observations on the outcrossing rate in a polycross using a high-throughput genotyping system Daniel von Maydell Frank Marthe
. Julia Brandes
. Heike Lehnert . Wolfram Junghanns .
Received: 24 July 2020 / Accepted: 19 November 2020 The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Caraway (Carum carvi) is an economically important spice and medicinal plant of the Apiaceae family (syn. Umbelliferrae). Farmers often favor annual cultivation of caraway. However, the annual varieties, which are currently available, do not provide satisfying seed yields. Employing heterosis can be a promising approach to increase yield. Breeding of synthetic varieties utilizes heterosis and may be the method of choice for future caraway breeding. Knowledge of the outcrossing rate is important to evaluate the effectiveness of this breeding method. However, the outcrossing rate of caraway is unknown so far. We estimated the outcrossing rate of seven inbred lines under field conditions in a neighborbalanced polycross design. For this purpose, we implemented a high-throughput genotyping system
(PACE), accompanied by a high-throughput method for DNA extraction adapted to caraway. In total, more than 1300 individual plants were genotyped. We found a high variability of lines regarding outcrossing rate and other traits associated with flowering. The outcrossing rate was on average 66.5% and ranged from 51.6 to 82%. We discussed implications of our findings on the targeted breeding method. Keywords Fertilization Pollination Mating system Horticultural plant Competitive allelespecific PCR (KASP) Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10681-020-02732-5. D. von Maydell (&) F. Marthe Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural Crops (ZG), Institute of Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI), Quedlinburg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] J. Brandes Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance (RS), Institute of Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI), Quedlinburg, Germany
H. Lehnert Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology (SB), Institute of Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI), Quedlinburg, Germany W. Junghanns Dr. Junghanns GmbH, Aschersleben OT Groß-Schierstedt, Germany
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Introduction Caraway (Carum carvi L., 2n = 2x = 20 (Pank 2012)) is a spice and medicinal plant of the Apiaceae family (syn. Umbelliferrae). Seeds are rich in essential oil, whose major components are limonene and carvone (Ruszkowska 1998). The European Pharmacopeia (Ph. Eur.) demands a minimum essential oil content of 30 ml/kg for pharmaceutical use (Ph. Eur. 2020). Originally, only biennial varieties were grown in Europe until annual varieties were introduced in the 1990s (Ne´meth 1998). Potentially, annual v
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