C-terminal domain of APETALA1 is essential for its functional divergence from CAULIFLOWER in Arabidopsis
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
C-terminal domain of APETALA1 is essential for its functional divergence from CAULIFLOWER in Arabidopsis Prince Saini1 • Ram Kishor Yadav1 Received: 6 August 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 Ó Society for Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2020
Abstract APETALA1 (AP1) and CAULIFLOWER (CAL) are involved in floral meristem identity and suppress the inflorescence meristem program in flower meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana. Based on the ap1 mutant phenotype genetic studies demonstrated that it is involved in sepal and petal identity specification as well as bract suppression in flower. Despite having high sequence similarity with AP1, its closest paralog CAL does not show a defect in flower development. In ap1 cal1 double mutant, floral meristem turns into inflorescence meristem resulting in a cauliflower like phenotype. cal mutants appear like wild type, suggesting that AP1 compensates its function. Here, we report that AP1 can replace CAL by interacting its potential interactors. Functional studies using the truncated version of AP1 confirmed that the C-terminal domain of AP1 is exclusively involved in floral organ identity specification. Keywords Arabidopsis APETALA1 CAULIFLOWER C-terminal Transcription factors MADS-box High-throughput Abbreviations AP1 APETALA1 CAL CAULIFLOWER TFs Transcription factors PPIs Protein–protein interactions Y2H Yeast-two-hybrid
Introduction The life cycle of angiosperm plants can broadly be divided into the juvenile, vegetative, and reproductive phase (Huijser and Schmid 2011). The transition during these phases is controlled exquisitely at multiple levels by inputs Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13562-020-00622-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & Ram Kishor Yadav [email protected] 1
Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
from internal clues (like hormones, sugar content etc.) as well as external cues (such as photoperiod, vernalization and light intensity) (Fornara et al. 2010; Andre´s and Coupland 2012). During the juvenile phase, a seed begins its life and grows into an independent sapling while in the vegetative phase, it prepares for the next phase of life known as reproductive phase (Huijser and Schmid 2011). In the reproductive phase, the plant produces flowers, which give rise to seeds with a mature embryo, ensuring the successful transfer of parental genome to nextgeneration. The ABC(DE) model of floral organ development explains how specification of individual floral whorls is achieved (Coen and Meyerowitz 1991; Bowman et al. 2012). The model proposes three overlapping fields, named A, B, and C. AP1 and AP2 belongs to class A, and are required to specify sepals and petals. AP3 and PI belongs to class B and together class A genes they are required for second whorl specification. The class B and C genes coordinate specification of stamens in the 3rd whorl
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