Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation Effectively Alleviates Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis and Retain Elemental Homeosta
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Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation Effectively Alleviates Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis and Retain Elemental Homeostasis in Mice Arpan Dey Bhowmik 1 & Pallab Shaw 1 & Paritosh Mondal 1 & Anindita Chakraborty 2 & Muthammal Sudarshan 2 & Ansuman Chattopadhyay 1 Received: 6 July 2020 / Accepted: 11 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Fluoride (F) is an essential trace element, but chronic exposure beyond the permissible limit (1.5 ppm) effectuates dental and skeletal fluorosis. Although 200 million people across the world are suffering from toxic manifestations of F, till now proper treatment is not available. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of calcium and vitamin D supplementation for alleviation of fluorosis. Swiss albino mice were divided into 6 groups; group I—control group (received drinking water ˂ 0.5 ppm F; within the permissible limit), group II—treated with 15 ppm of sodium fluoride (NaF) for 4 months, group III—treated with 15 ppm of NaF for 8 months through drinking water. Group IV—orally treated with 15 ppm NaF for 4 months, thereafter received only drinking water for next 4 months, group V—orally treated with 15 ppm NaF for 4 months, thereafter received drinking water supplemented with calcium and vitamin D (2.5-g calcium kg−1 diet and 1000 IU vitamin D kg−1 diet) for next 4 months, and group VI was treated with 15 ppm of NaF through drinking water as well as supplemented with calcium and vitamin D for 4 months. NaF treatment caused dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, and alteration of bone’s metal profile. Substitution of NaF-containing water with normal drinking water reduced the severity of fluorosis but supplementation of calcium and vitamin D effectively alleviated dental and skeletal fluorosis, reduced F deposition, and retained elemental homeostasis of the bone. Our findings strongly support that calcium and vitamin D act as redeemer of fluorosis. Keywords Fluoride . Dental fluorosis . Skeletal fluorosis . Element analysis . Calcium and vitamin D
Introduction In the environment, most electronegative halogen fluorine interacts with other elements and forms many compounds [1]. Fluorine in aqueous solution is called fluoride (F) [2] that can contaminate both surface and groundwater. Presence of F in groundwater relies on many factors, e.g., geological, chemical, or physical properties of that area; acidity of the soil; rock’s porosity; volcanic eruptions; temperature; and demineralization due to weathering or erosion [3]. Anthropogenic activities like usage of excessive pesticides, fertilizers, sewage, coal burning, by-product of ceramic factory, and emissions from
* Ansuman Chattopadhyay [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
2
UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, 3/ LB-8, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700098, India
aluminum smelting industry are also a serious cause of F contamination [4, 5]. The recomm
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