Can Gold be an Effective Catalyst for the Deacon Reaction?
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Can Gold be an Effective Catalyst for the Deacon Reaction? Grazia Malta1 · Simon R. Dawson1 · Samuel Pattisson1 · Miles M. Edwards1 · Simon J. Freakley1 · Nicholas F. Dummer1 · Ekkehard Schwab2 · Michael Bender2 · J. Henrique Teles2 · Graham J. Hutchings1 Received: 6 March 2020 / Accepted: 27 March 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The Deacon reaction is an important industrial process for the oxidation of hydrogen chloride, thereby enabling chlorine to be recycled. As gold is an efficient catalyst for reactions involving hydrogen chloride and oxygen, we have studied the use of gold as a potential catalyst for the Deacon reaction. Unfortunately, gold displays only limited activity; however, this is markedly increased if hydrogen is cofed as a reactant. Graphic Abstract
4HCl + O2
2Cl2 + 2H2O
2HCl+ O2 + H2
Cl2+ 2H2O
Keywords Deacon process · Hydrogen chloride · Chlorine · Gold catalyst
1 Introduction Ekkehard Schwab now retired from BASF SE. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-020-03204-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Graham J. Hutchings [email protected] 1
Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
BASF SE, Process Research & Chemical Engineering, Carl‑Bosch‑Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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Chlorine is an important commodity chemical that is used in many applications. During use hydrogen chloride is often made as a by-product. Although hydrogen chloride has applications in the chemical industry, such as the hydrochlorination of acetylene, in many cases it is important that the chlorine is recovered. The Deacon reaction [1] is the industrial process whereby hydrogen chloride is oxidized to chlorine and water thereby permitting chlorine recovery for reuse. Due to equilibrium conditions, low operation temperatures are favorable in terms of possible conversion per pass.
4HCl + O2 ⇌ 2Cl2 + 2H2 O
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The Deacon reaction, named after its inventor Henry Deacon, was commercialised in 1874. The first catalysts used were copper chlorides which were not stable above 400 °C and would start to evaporate when the operating temperature was 430–475 °C. Since then there has been a substantial effort to increase the conversion efficiency of the reaction. The Shell-Chlor process [2] introduced in the 1960s used CuCl2–KCl/SiO2 catalysts with a single fluidized-bed reactor, but the project was discontinued due to severe corrosion problems. Totsis et al. [3, 4] used copper-based catalysts in a dual fluidized-bed reactor which they developed to achieve a high HCl conversion to C l2 with limited corrosion. Nieken and Watzenberger [5] employed a two-step fixed-bed reactor configuration to overcome corrosion problems. Sumitomo Chemicals subsequently developed a RuO2–TiO2 catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor [1]. The R uO2/TiO2 catalyst was found to exhibit both high activity at low temper
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